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BIOL 1030 > Test #2 > Flashcards

Test #2 Flashcards

1
Q

prop root structure that supports the tall, top-heavy trees

A

prop root

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2
Q

By projecting over the water’s surface, these root structures enable the root system to obtain oxygen, which is lacking in the thick, waterlogged mud that they live in

A

pneumatophores

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3
Q

structures that store food and water in their roots

A

storage root

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4
Q

these snake like root structures gradually wrap around the host tree and other objects, eventually causing death of the host tree by shading by the fig leaves.

A

strangling aerial roots

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5
Q

structures that give architectural support to the trunks of tall shallow trees

A

buttress root

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6
Q

tendency for growth to be concentrated at the tip of a plant shoot, because the apical bud partially inhibits axillary bud growth

A

apical dominance

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7
Q

a horizontal shoot that grows just below the surface; vertical shoots emerge from axillary buds for support

A

rhizomes

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8
Q

vertical underground shoots consisting mostly of the enlarged bases of leaves that store food (storage leaves

A

bulbs

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9
Q

horizontal shoots that grow along the surface of the ground; these runners enable a plant to reproduce asexually, as plantlets form at nodes along each runner

A

stolons

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10
Q

enlarged ends of rhizomes or stolons specialized for storing food

A

tubers

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11
Q

modified leaves/stems that form coils for physical support

A

tendrils

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12
Q

spiky leaves that serve the purpose of protection/self defense

A

spines

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13
Q

leaves adapted for storing water

A

storage leaves

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14
Q

leaves that produce adventitious plantlets which fall off the leaf and take root in the soil

A

reproductive leaves

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15
Q

modified leaves that are brightly colored to attract pollinators

A

bracts

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16
Q

What are the 3 types of plant tissue?

A
  1. Dermal tissue
  2. Vascular tissue
  3. Ground tissue
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17
Q

tissue that serves as an outer protective covering; includes epidermis (non-woody plants; single layer of cells) and periderm (woody plants; multi-layered cells); forms the first line of defense against physical damage and pathogens

A

dermal tissue

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18
Q

tissue that carries out long distance transport of materials between the root and shoot systems; includes xylem (internal) and phloem (external)

A

vascular tissue

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19
Q

tissue that is responsible for most of the plant’s metabolic functions; includes various cells specialized for functions such as storage, photosynthesis, and support; includes pith and cortex

A

ground tissue

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20
Q

What are the 5 types of plant cells?

A
  1. Parenchyma
  2. Collenchyma
  3. Sclerenchyma
  4. Water-conducting
  5. Sugar-conducting
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21
Q

general plant cells; thin cell wall; lack secondary walls; least specialized; most metabolic functions; common in ground tissues; ex. Elodea

A

parenchyma cells

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22
Q

cells with a thicker, uneven primary cell wall; support; ex. Helianthus

A

collenchyma cells

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23
Q

cells with thick secondary walls (lignin); two types (sclereids and fibers); support; ex. pear and ash tree

A

sclerenchyma cells

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24
Q

tubular, elongated cells that are dead at functional maturity; includes vessel elements and tracheids; support

A

water-conducting cells

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25
Q

cells that are alive at functional maturity; no organelles; includes sieve cells and sieve-tube elements (including companion cells)

A

sugar-conducting cells

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26
Q

a long, tapered water-conducting cell found in the xylem of nearly all vascular plants

A

a long, tapered water-conducting cell found in the xylem of nearly all vascular plants tracheids

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27
Q

a short, wide water-conducting cell found in the xylem of most angiosperms and a few nonflowering vascular plants

A

vessel element

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28
Q

long, narrow cells that transport sugars and other organic nutrients in seedless vascular plants and gymnosperms.

A

sieve cells

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29
Q

a living cell that conducts sugars and other organic nutrients in the phloem of angiosperms

A

sieve-tube element

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30
Q

a type of plant cell that is connected to a sieve-tube element by many plasmodesmata and whose nucleus and ribosomes may serve on one or more adjacent sieve-tube elements; nutrient supply; non-conducting

A

companion cell

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31
Q

plant tissue that remains embryonic as long as the plant lives, allowing for intermediate growth; consists of undifferentiated cells that give rise to plant growth

A

meristem

32
Q

embryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and buds of shoots; enable plant to grow in length; primary growth

A

apical meristem

33
Q

a meristem that thickens the roots and shoots of woody plants; includes vascular cambium and cork cambium; encircle plant body; secondary growth; a ring of dividing cells that makes new tissue to its inside and outside

A

lateral meristem

34
Q

What are the two types of meristems?

A
  1. Apical

2. Lateral

35
Q

Where do lateral roots arise?

A

pericycle

36
Q

growth produced by apical meristems, lengthening stems and roots

A

primary growth

37
Q

growth produced by lateral meristems, thickening the roots and shoots of woody plants (increasing diameter)

A

secondary growth

38
Q

made up of vertical xylem vessels and tracheids in angiosperms; due to the change in growth speed through the year

A

annual growth ring

39
Q

What are the differences between spring wood and summer wood?

A

Spring wood has thin cell walls, and is grown early in the season. It is not as dense as summer wood, but it has darker annual rings.

40
Q

What is this an example of? The normal Arabidopsis seedling has a shoot end and a root end. In the gnom mutant, the first division of the zygote was not asymmetrical; as a result, the plant is ball-shaped and lacks leaves and roots. The defect in gnom mutants has been traced to an inability to transport the hormone auxin in a polar manner

A

establishment of axial polarity by asymmetrical cell division

41
Q

a model of flower formation identifying three classes of organ identity genes that direct formation of the four types of floral organs

A

ABC Hypothesis

42
Q

a main vertical root that develops from an embryonic root and gives rise to lateral (branch) roots; most eudicots

A

taproot

43
Q

an adventitious root that gives rise to lateral (branch) roots; most monicots

A

fibrous

44
Q

a leaf with a single, undivided blade; some are deeply lobed

A

simple leaf

45
Q

a leaf with a blade that consists of multiple leaflets; a leaflet has no axillary bud at its base

A

compound leaf

46
Q

a leaf in which each leaflet is divided into smaller leaflets

A

doubly compound leaf

47
Q

a point along the stem of a plant at which leaves are attached

A

node

48
Q

a segment of a plant stem between the points where leaves are attached

A

internode

49
Q

a structure that has the potential to form a lateral shoot, or branch; appears in the angle formed between a stem and a leaf

A

axillary bud

50
Q

a bud at the tip of a plant stem

A

apical bud (terminal bud)

51
Q

the flattened portion of a typical leaf

A

blade

52
Q

the stalk of a leaf, which joins the leaf to a node of the stem

A

petiole

53
Q

the dermal tissue system of non-woody plants, usually consisting of a single layer of tightly packed cells

A

epidermis

54
Q

the protective coat that replaces the epidermis in woody plants during secondary growth, formed of the cork and cork cambium

A

periderm

55
Q

ground tissue that is internal to the vascular tissue in a stem; in many monocot roots, parenchyma cells that form the central core of the vascular cylinder

A

pith

56
Q

ground tissue that is between the vascular tissue and dermal tissue in a root or eudicot stem

A

cortex

57
Q

all tissues external to the vascular cambium, consisting mainly of the secondary phloem and layers of periderm

A

bark

58
Q

a short, irregular schlerenchyma cell in nutshells and seed coats; scattered throughout parenchyma of some plants

A

schlereid

59
Q

a lignified cell type that reinforces the xylem of angiosperms and functions in mechanical support; a slender, tapered schlerenchyma cell that usually occurs in bundles

A

fiber

60
Q

an end wall in a sieve tube element, which facilitates the flow of phloem sap in angiosperm sieve tubes

A

sieve plate

61
Q

vascular plant tissue consisting mainly of tubular dead cells that conduct most of the water and minerals upward from the roots to the rest of the plant

A

xylem

62
Q

vascular plant tissue consisting of living cells arranged into elongated tubes that transport sugar and other organic nutrients throughout the plant

A

phloem

63
Q

an open channel through the cell wall that connects the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells, allowing water, small solutes, and some larger molecules to pass between the cells

A

plasmodesma

64
Q

the outermost layer in the vascular cylinder, from which lateral roots arise

A

pericycle

65
Q

the vascular tissue of a stem or root

A

stele

66
Q

a finger-like projection along the flank of a shoot apical meristem, from which a leaf arises

A

leaf primordium

67
Q

consists of one or more layers of elongated parenchyma cells on the upper part of the leaf

A

palisade mesophyll

68
Q

mesophyll located below palisade; parenchyma cells loosely arranged with air spaces for CO2 and O2

A

spongy mesophyll

69
Q

in C4 plants, a type of photosynthetic cell arranged into tightly packed sheaths around the veins of a leaf

A

bundle sheath cell

70
Q

a cylinder of meristematic tissue in woody plants that adds layers of secondary vascular tissue called secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem

A

vascular cambium

71
Q

a cylinder of meristematic tissue in woody plants that replaces the epidermis with thicker, tougher cork cells

A

cork cambium

72
Q

a small, raised area in the bark of stems and roots that enables gas exchange between living cells and the outside air

A

lenticel

73
Q

wood included in secondary xylem; vessels block and waste accumulates; dark color; close to center; non-functional

A

heartwood

74
Q

wood included in secondary xylem; light color; outer layers; xylem; functional

A

sapwood

75
Q

the process that gives a tissue, organ, or organism its shape and determines the positions of cell types; development of body form and organization

A

morphogenesis

76
Q

happens when cells with the same genes become different from each other

A

cell differentiation

77
Q

the development of specific structures in specific locations

A

pattern formation

BIOL 1030 (4 decks)

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