Test #2

Question 1

prop root structure that supports the tall, top-heavy trees

Answer 1

prop root

Question 2

By projecting over the water’s surface, these root structures enable the root system to obtain oxygen, which is lacking in the thick, waterlogged mud that they live in

Answer 2

pneumatophores

Question 3

structures that store food and water in their roots

Answer 3

storage root

Question 4

these snake like root structures gradually wrap around the host tree and other objects, eventually causing death of the host tree by shading by the fig leaves.

Answer 4

strangling aerial roots

Question 5

structures that give architectural support to the trunks of tall shallow trees

Answer 5

buttress root

Question 6

tendency for growth to be concentrated at the tip of a plant shoot, because the apical bud partially inhibits axillary bud growth

Answer 6

apical dominance

Question 7

a horizontal shoot that grows just below the surface; vertical shoots emerge from axillary buds for support

Answer 7

rhizomes

Question 8

vertical underground shoots consisting mostly of the enlarged bases of leaves that store food (storage leaves

Answer 8

bulbs

Question 9

horizontal shoots that grow along the surface of the ground; these runners enable a plant to reproduce asexually, as plantlets form at nodes along each runner

Answer 9

stolons

Question 10

enlarged ends of rhizomes or stolons specialized for storing food

Answer 10

tubers

Question 11

modified leaves/stems that form coils for physical support

Answer 11

tendrils

Question 12

spiky leaves that serve the purpose of protection/self defense

Answer 12

spines

Question 13

leaves adapted for storing water

Answer 13

storage leaves

Question 14

leaves that produce adventitious plantlets which fall off the leaf and take root in the soil

Answer 14

reproductive leaves

Question 15

modified leaves that are brightly colored to attract pollinators

Answer 15

bracts

Question 16

What are the 3 types of plant tissue?

Answer 16

1. Dermal tissue
2. Vascular tissue
3. Ground tissue

Question 17

tissue that serves as an outer protective covering; includes epidermis (non-woody plants; single layer of cells) and periderm (woody plants; multi-layered cells); forms the first line of defense against physical damage and pathogens

Answer 17

dermal tissue

Question 18

tissue that carries out long distance transport of materials between the root and shoot systems; includes xylem (internal) and phloem (external)

Answer 18

vascular tissue

Question 19

tissue that is responsible for most of the plant’s metabolic functions; includes various cells specialized for functions such as storage, photosynthesis, and support; includes pith and cortex

Answer 19

ground tissue

Question 20

What are the 5 types of plant cells?

Answer 20

1. Parenchyma
2. Collenchyma
3. Sclerenchyma
4. Water-conducting
5. Sugar-conducting

Question 21

general plant cells; thin cell wall; lack secondary walls; least specialized; most metabolic functions; common in ground tissues; ex. Elodea

Answer 21

parenchyma cells

Question 22

cells with a thicker, uneven primary cell wall; support; ex. Helianthus

Answer 22

collenchyma cells

Question 23

cells with thick secondary walls (lignin); two types (sclereids and fibers); support; ex. pear and ash tree

Answer 23

sclerenchyma cells

Question 24

tubular, elongated cells that are dead at functional maturity; includes vessel elements and tracheids; support

Answer 24

water-conducting cells

Question 25

cells that are alive at functional maturity; no organelles; includes sieve cells and sieve-tube elements (including companion cells)

Answer 25

sugar-conducting cells

Question 26

a long, tapered water-conducting cell found in the xylem of nearly all vascular plants

Answer 26

a long, tapered water-conducting cell found in the xylem of nearly all vascular plants tracheids

Question 27

a short, wide water-conducting cell found in the xylem of most angiosperms and a few nonflowering vascular plants

Answer 27

vessel element

Question 28

long, narrow cells that transport sugars and other organic nutrients in seedless vascular plants and gymnosperms.

Answer 28

sieve cells

Question 29

a living cell that conducts sugars and other organic nutrients in the phloem of angiosperms

Answer 29

sieve-tube element

Question 30

a type of plant cell that is connected to a sieve-tube element by many plasmodesmata and whose nucleus and ribosomes may serve on one or more adjacent sieve-tube elements; nutrient supply; non-conducting

Answer 30

companion cell

Question 31

plant tissue that remains embryonic as long as the plant lives, allowing for intermediate growth; consists of undifferentiated cells that give rise to plant growth

Answer 31

meristem

Question 32

embryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and buds of shoots; enable plant to grow in length; primary growth

Answer 32

apical meristem

Question 33

a meristem that thickens the roots and shoots of woody plants; includes vascular cambium and cork cambium; encircle plant body; secondary growth; a ring of dividing cells that makes new tissue to its inside and outside

Answer 33

lateral meristem

Question 34

What are the two types of meristems?

Answer 34

1. Apical | 2. Lateral

Question 35

Where do lateral roots arise?

Answer 35

pericycle

Question 36

growth produced by apical meristems, lengthening stems and roots

Answer 36

primary growth

Question 37

growth produced by lateral meristems, thickening the roots and shoots of woody plants (increasing diameter)

Answer 37

secondary growth

Question 38

made up of vertical xylem vessels and tracheids in angiosperms; due to the change in growth speed through the year

Answer 38

annual growth ring

Question 39

What are the differences between spring wood and summer wood?

Answer 39

Spring wood has thin cell walls, and is grown early in the season. It is not as dense as summer wood, but it has darker annual rings.

Question 40

What is this an example of? The normal Arabidopsis seedling has a shoot end and a root end. In the gnom mutant, the first division of the zygote was not asymmetrical; as a result, the plant is ball-shaped and lacks leaves and roots. The defect in gnom mutants has been traced to an inability to transport the hormone auxin in a polar manner

Answer 40

establishment of axial polarity by asymmetrical cell division

Question 41

a model of flower formation identifying three classes of organ identity genes that direct formation of the four types of floral organs

Answer 41

ABC Hypothesis

Question 42

a main vertical root that develops from an embryonic root and gives rise to lateral (branch) roots; most eudicots

Answer 42

taproot

Question 43

an adventitious root that gives rise to lateral (branch) roots; most monicots

Answer 43

fibrous

Question 44

a leaf with a single, undivided blade; some are deeply lobed

Answer 44

simple leaf

Question 45

a leaf with a blade that consists of multiple leaflets; a leaflet has no axillary bud at its base

Answer 45

compound leaf

Question 46

a leaf in which each leaflet is divided into smaller leaflets

Answer 46

doubly compound leaf

Question 47

a point along the stem of a plant at which leaves are attached

Answer 47

node

Question 48

a segment of a plant stem between the points where leaves are attached

Answer 48

internode

Question 49

a structure that has the potential to form a lateral shoot, or branch; appears in the angle formed between a stem and a leaf

Answer 49

axillary bud

Question 50

a bud at the tip of a plant stem

Answer 50

apical bud (terminal bud)

Question 51

the flattened portion of a typical leaf

Answer 51

blade

Question 52

the stalk of a leaf, which joins the leaf to a node of the stem

Answer 52

petiole

Question 53

the dermal tissue system of non-woody plants, usually consisting of a single layer of tightly packed cells

Answer 53

epidermis

Question 54

the protective coat that replaces the epidermis in woody plants during secondary growth, formed of the cork and cork cambium

Answer 54

periderm

Question 55

ground tissue that is internal to the vascular tissue in a stem; in many monocot roots, parenchyma cells that form the central core of the vascular cylinder

Answer 55

pith

Question 56

ground tissue that is between the vascular tissue and dermal tissue in a root or eudicot stem

Answer 56

cortex

Question 57

all tissues external to the vascular cambium, consisting mainly of the secondary phloem and layers of periderm

Answer 57

bark

Question 58

a short, irregular schlerenchyma cell in nutshells and seed coats; scattered throughout parenchyma of some plants

Answer 58

schlereid

Question 59

a lignified cell type that reinforces the xylem of angiosperms and functions in mechanical support; a slender, tapered schlerenchyma cell that usually occurs in bundles

Answer 59

fiber

Question 60

an end wall in a sieve tube element, which facilitates the flow of phloem sap in angiosperm sieve tubes

Answer 60

sieve plate

Question 61

vascular plant tissue consisting mainly of tubular dead cells that conduct most of the water and minerals upward from the roots to the rest of the plant

Answer 61

xylem

Question 62

vascular plant tissue consisting of living cells arranged into elongated tubes that transport sugar and other organic nutrients throughout the plant

Answer 62

phloem

Question 63

an open channel through the cell wall that connects the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells, allowing water, small solutes, and some larger molecules to pass between the cells

Answer 63

plasmodesma

Question 64

the outermost layer in the vascular cylinder, from which lateral roots arise

Answer 64

pericycle

Question 65

the vascular tissue of a stem or root

Answer 65

stele

Question 66

a finger-like projection along the flank of a shoot apical meristem, from which a leaf arises

Answer 66

leaf primordium

Question 67

consists of one or more layers of elongated parenchyma cells on the upper part of the leaf

Answer 67

palisade mesophyll

Question 68

mesophyll located below palisade; parenchyma cells loosely arranged with air spaces for CO2 and O2

Answer 68

spongy mesophyll

Question 69

in C4 plants, a type of photosynthetic cell arranged into tightly packed sheaths around the veins of a leaf

Answer 69

bundle sheath cell

Question 70

a cylinder of meristematic tissue in woody plants that adds layers of secondary vascular tissue called secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem

Answer 70

vascular cambium

Question 71

a cylinder of meristematic tissue in woody plants that replaces the epidermis with thicker, tougher cork cells

Answer 71

cork cambium

Question 72

a small, raised area in the bark of stems and roots that enables gas exchange between living cells and the outside air

Answer 72

lenticel

Question 73

wood included in secondary xylem; vessels block and waste accumulates; dark color; close to center; non-functional

Answer 73

heartwood

Question 74

wood included in secondary xylem; light color; outer layers; xylem; functional

Answer 74

sapwood

Question 75

the process that gives a tissue, organ, or organism its shape and determines the positions of cell types; development of body form and organization

Answer 75

morphogenesis

Question 76

happens when cells with the same genes become different from each other

Answer 76

cell differentiation

Question 77

the development of specific structures in specific locations

Answer 77

pattern formation