Test #2 Flashcards
prop root structure that supports the tall, top-heavy trees
prop root
By projecting over the water’s surface, these root structures enable the root system to obtain oxygen, which is lacking in the thick, waterlogged mud that they live in
pneumatophores
structures that store food and water in their roots
storage root
these snake like root structures gradually wrap around the host tree and other objects, eventually causing death of the host tree by shading by the fig leaves.
strangling aerial roots
structures that give architectural support to the trunks of tall shallow trees
buttress root
tendency for growth to be concentrated at the tip of a plant shoot, because the apical bud partially inhibits axillary bud growth
apical dominance
a horizontal shoot that grows just below the surface; vertical shoots emerge from axillary buds for support
rhizomes
vertical underground shoots consisting mostly of the enlarged bases of leaves that store food (storage leaves
bulbs
horizontal shoots that grow along the surface of the ground; these runners enable a plant to reproduce asexually, as plantlets form at nodes along each runner
stolons
enlarged ends of rhizomes or stolons specialized for storing food
tubers
modified leaves/stems that form coils for physical support
tendrils
spiky leaves that serve the purpose of protection/self defense
spines
leaves adapted for storing water
storage leaves
leaves that produce adventitious plantlets which fall off the leaf and take root in the soil
reproductive leaves
modified leaves that are brightly colored to attract pollinators
bracts
What are the 3 types of plant tissue?
- Dermal tissue
- Vascular tissue
- Ground tissue
tissue that serves as an outer protective covering; includes epidermis (non-woody plants; single layer of cells) and periderm (woody plants; multi-layered cells); forms the first line of defense against physical damage and pathogens
dermal tissue
tissue that carries out long distance transport of materials between the root and shoot systems; includes xylem (internal) and phloem (external)
vascular tissue
tissue that is responsible for most of the plant’s metabolic functions; includes various cells specialized for functions such as storage, photosynthesis, and support; includes pith and cortex
ground tissue
What are the 5 types of plant cells?
- Parenchyma
- Collenchyma
- Sclerenchyma
- Water-conducting
- Sugar-conducting
general plant cells; thin cell wall; lack secondary walls; least specialized; most metabolic functions; common in ground tissues; ex. Elodea
parenchyma cells
cells with a thicker, uneven primary cell wall; support; ex. Helianthus
collenchyma cells
cells with thick secondary walls (lignin); two types (sclereids and fibers); support; ex. pear and ash tree
sclerenchyma cells
tubular, elongated cells that are dead at functional maturity; includes vessel elements and tracheids; support
water-conducting cells
cells that are alive at functional maturity; no organelles; includes sieve cells and sieve-tube elements (including companion cells)
sugar-conducting cells
a long, tapered water-conducting cell found in the xylem of nearly all vascular plants
a long, tapered water-conducting cell found in the xylem of nearly all vascular plants tracheids
a short, wide water-conducting cell found in the xylem of most angiosperms and a few nonflowering vascular plants
vessel element
long, narrow cells that transport sugars and other organic nutrients in seedless vascular plants and gymnosperms.
sieve cells
a living cell that conducts sugars and other organic nutrients in the phloem of angiosperms
sieve-tube element
a type of plant cell that is connected to a sieve-tube element by many plasmodesmata and whose nucleus and ribosomes may serve on one or more adjacent sieve-tube elements; nutrient supply; non-conducting
companion cell
plant tissue that remains embryonic as long as the plant lives, allowing for intermediate growth; consists of undifferentiated cells that give rise to plant growth
meristem
embryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and buds of shoots; enable plant to grow in length; primary growth
apical meristem
a meristem that thickens the roots and shoots of woody plants; includes vascular cambium and cork cambium; encircle plant body; secondary growth; a ring of dividing cells that makes new tissue to its inside and outside
lateral meristem
What are the two types of meristems?
- Apical
2. Lateral
Where do lateral roots arise?
pericycle
growth produced by apical meristems, lengthening stems and roots
primary growth
growth produced by lateral meristems, thickening the roots and shoots of woody plants (increasing diameter)
secondary growth
made up of vertical xylem vessels and tracheids in angiosperms; due to the change in growth speed through the year
annual growth ring
What are the differences between spring wood and summer wood?
Spring wood has thin cell walls, and is grown early in the season. It is not as dense as summer wood, but it has darker annual rings.
What is this an example of? The normal Arabidopsis seedling has a shoot end and a root end. In the gnom mutant, the first division of the zygote was not asymmetrical; as a result, the plant is ball-shaped and lacks leaves and roots. The defect in gnom mutants has been traced to an inability to transport the hormone auxin in a polar manner
establishment of axial polarity by asymmetrical cell division
a model of flower formation identifying three classes of organ identity genes that direct formation of the four types of floral organs
ABC Hypothesis
a main vertical root that develops from an embryonic root and gives rise to lateral (branch) roots; most eudicots
taproot
an adventitious root that gives rise to lateral (branch) roots; most monicots
fibrous
a leaf with a single, undivided blade; some are deeply lobed
simple leaf
a leaf with a blade that consists of multiple leaflets; a leaflet has no axillary bud at its base
compound leaf
a leaf in which each leaflet is divided into smaller leaflets
doubly compound leaf
a point along the stem of a plant at which leaves are attached
node
a segment of a plant stem between the points where leaves are attached
internode
a structure that has the potential to form a lateral shoot, or branch; appears in the angle formed between a stem and a leaf
axillary bud
a bud at the tip of a plant stem
apical bud (terminal bud)
the flattened portion of a typical leaf
blade
the stalk of a leaf, which joins the leaf to a node of the stem
petiole
the dermal tissue system of non-woody plants, usually consisting of a single layer of tightly packed cells
epidermis
the protective coat that replaces the epidermis in woody plants during secondary growth, formed of the cork and cork cambium
periderm
ground tissue that is internal to the vascular tissue in a stem; in many monocot roots, parenchyma cells that form the central core of the vascular cylinder
pith
ground tissue that is between the vascular tissue and dermal tissue in a root or eudicot stem
cortex
all tissues external to the vascular cambium, consisting mainly of the secondary phloem and layers of periderm
bark
a short, irregular schlerenchyma cell in nutshells and seed coats; scattered throughout parenchyma of some plants
schlereid
a lignified cell type that reinforces the xylem of angiosperms and functions in mechanical support; a slender, tapered schlerenchyma cell that usually occurs in bundles
fiber
an end wall in a sieve tube element, which facilitates the flow of phloem sap in angiosperm sieve tubes
sieve plate
vascular plant tissue consisting mainly of tubular dead cells that conduct most of the water and minerals upward from the roots to the rest of the plant
xylem
vascular plant tissue consisting of living cells arranged into elongated tubes that transport sugar and other organic nutrients throughout the plant
phloem
an open channel through the cell wall that connects the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells, allowing water, small solutes, and some larger molecules to pass between the cells
plasmodesma
the outermost layer in the vascular cylinder, from which lateral roots arise
pericycle
the vascular tissue of a stem or root
stele
a finger-like projection along the flank of a shoot apical meristem, from which a leaf arises
leaf primordium
consists of one or more layers of elongated parenchyma cells on the upper part of the leaf
palisade mesophyll
mesophyll located below palisade; parenchyma cells loosely arranged with air spaces for CO2 and O2
spongy mesophyll
in C4 plants, a type of photosynthetic cell arranged into tightly packed sheaths around the veins of a leaf
bundle sheath cell
a cylinder of meristematic tissue in woody plants that adds layers of secondary vascular tissue called secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem
vascular cambium
a cylinder of meristematic tissue in woody plants that replaces the epidermis with thicker, tougher cork cells
cork cambium
a small, raised area in the bark of stems and roots that enables gas exchange between living cells and the outside air
lenticel
wood included in secondary xylem; vessels block and waste accumulates; dark color; close to center; non-functional
heartwood
wood included in secondary xylem; light color; outer layers; xylem; functional
sapwood
the process that gives a tissue, organ, or organism its shape and determines the positions of cell types; development of body form and organization
morphogenesis
happens when cells with the same genes become different from each other
cell differentiation
the development of specific structures in specific locations
pattern formation
