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Test 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

focused on higher mental processes–reasoning, understanding, judgment; has something to do with the capacity to understand theoretical concepts

A

intelligence

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2
Q

accounts for overall differences in intellect among people

A

general intelligence

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3
Q

an indication of different domains of intellectual skill–in which an individual excels in some domains and does poorly in others

A

savant syndrome (autism)

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4
Q

the ability to understand our own and others’ emotions, then apply that information

A

emotional intelligence

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5
Q

often measured using tests of divergent thinking (outside the box), but also needs to be measured with convergent thinking (finding the single best answer to a problem)

A

creativity

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6
Q

test that measures overall IQ

A

intelligence test

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7
Q

how old a person is psychologically, rather than chronologically

A

mental age

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8
Q

came up with the concept of mental age being used in development of the intelligence quotient

A

Binet

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9
Q

a mathematical formula that is supposed to be a measure of a person’s intelligence

A

intelligence quotient (IQ)

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10
Q

when a person of a certain demographic is told they are not as good at a subject because of their race, they perform poorly on the test; this is called

A

stereotype threat

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11
Q

characterised by childhood onset of low IQ (below about 70) and inability to engage in adequate daily functioning

A

mental retardation

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12
Q

this helps predict performance across a wide variety of occupations, and relationships hold up even when social class is accounted for, on IQ scores

A

validity

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13
Q

this helps stabilise scores in adults over long periods of time, on IQ tests, but prior to age 3 it can be very unstable and a poor predictor of adult IQ

A

reliability

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14
Q

the most commonly used IQ test for adults; measures overall IQ, verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, and processing speed

A

Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

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15
Q

consistency and objectivity of how tests are administered and scored

A

standardisation

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16
Q

a test that measures a person’s capacity to learn

A

aptitude test

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17
Q

a standardized test that is designed to measure an individual’s level of knowledge in a particular area

A

achievement test

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18
Q

In Piaget’s stage of concrete operational intelligence, the child acquires an understanding of the principle of:

A

conservation

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19
Q

During which stage of cognitive development do children acquire object permanence?

A

sensorimotor

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20
Q

Harlow’s studies of attachment in monkeys showed that:

A

a cloth mother produced the greatest attachment response

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21
Q

As a child observes, liquid is transferred from a tall, thin tube into a short, wide jar. The child is asked if there is now less liquid in order to determine if she has mastered:

A

concept of conservation

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22
Q

In a 1998 movie, a young girl finds that a gaggle of geese follow her wherever she goes because she was the first “object” they saw after they were born. This is an example of:

A

imprinting

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23
Q

In preconventional morality, the person:

A

obeys to avoid punishment or to gain concrete rewards

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24
Q

Sam, a juniour in high school, regularly attends church because his family and friends think he should. Which stage of moral reasoning is Sam in?

A

conventional

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25
Q

A person’s ability to think abstractly is called ____ intelligence. This ability generally _____ with age.

A

fluid; decreases

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26
Q

After their grown children have left home, most couples experience:

A

greater happiness and enjoyment in their relationship

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27
Q

refers to the sequence of age-related changes that occur as a person progresses from conception to death

A

development

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28
Q

a one-celled organism formed by the union of a sperm and an egg

A

zygote

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29
Q

What are the 3 phases of the developmental stage in the womb?

A
  1. germinal
  2. embryonic
  3. fetal
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30
Q

this stage of prenatal development encompasses the first 2 weeks after conception; during the implantation process, the placenta begins to form

A

germinal stage

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31
Q

during this stage, most of the vital organs and bodily system start to form; this stage is a period of great vulnerability because all physiological structures are being formed.

A

embryonic stage

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32
Q

most miscarriages occur during the:

A

embryonic stage

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33
Q

during this stage, muscles and bones begin to form and the developing organism becomes capable of physical movements

A

fetal stage

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34
Q

prescribed to women in 1960 to minimise morning sickness; interfered with embryonic development

A

thalidomide

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35
Q

term used for harmful agents that can affect the embryo or fetus

A

teratogens

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36
Q

What is fetal alcohol syndrome and what are the physiological effects on a child? (short answer question)

A

fetal alcohol syndrome is when the mother drinks excessive alcohol during pregnancy and the child is born with physiological defects; typical defects include

  1. small head
  2. heart defects
  3. small eyes
  4. underdeveloped midface
  5. severe impairments of intellectual functioning
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37
Q

a reflex that helps newborns locate food

A

rooting reflex

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38
Q

motor development in infants is largely determined by

A

maturation

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39
Q

a glass platform that extends over a several-foot drop-off

A

visual cliff

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40
Q

a person’s behavioural style or characteristic way of responding to the environment

A

temperament

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41
Q

What are the general types of temperament?

A
  1. easy
  2. difficult
  3. slow-to-warm-up
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42
Q

a temperament in which a child has pleasant moods and approaches new people and situations positively

A

easy

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43
Q

a temperament in which a child has generally unpleasant moods and reacts negatively to new people and situations

A

difficult

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44
Q

a temperament in which a child tends to withdraw, is slow to adapt, and somewhat negative in mood

A

slow-to-warm-up

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45
Q

what a child exhibits after growing an attachment to the caregiver and the caregiver leaves to go into another room

A

separation anxiety

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46
Q

What are the attachment patterns?

A
  1. secure attachment
  2. avoidant attachment
  3. resistant attachment
  4. disorganised/disoriented attachment
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47
Q

attachment pattern in which a child is more cooperative and content than other infants and displays better social skills

A

secure attachment

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48
Q

attachment pattern in which a child is not responsive to mother and not troubled when she leaves; may avoid contact with mother after separation

A

avoidant attachment

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49
Q

attachment pattern in which a child seeks close contact with mother and tends not to branch out and explore; after separation may get angry at mother

A

resistant attachment

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50
Q

attachment pattern in which a child protests separation but exhibits contradictory behaviour when reunited

A

disorganised/disoriented attachment

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51
Q

What are Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?

A
  1. sensorimotor stage
  2. preoperational stage
  3. concrete operational stage
  4. formal operational stage
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52
Q

What happens during the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development?

A

infants gain an understanding of the world through their senses and motor activities; major achievement of this stage is object permanence

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53
Q

What happens during the preoperational stage of cognitive development?

A

Children show centration, irreversibility, and egocentrism.

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54
Q

What is centration?

A

the tendency to focus on just one feature of a problem, neglecting other important aspects

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55
Q

What is irreversibility?

A

inability to envision reversing an action

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56
Q

What is egocentrism?

A

where thinking is characterised by a limited ability to share another person’s viewpoint

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57
Q

What happens during the concrete operational stage of cognitive development?

A

children acquire the concept of conservation; children begin to understand reversibility

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58
Q

What happens during the formal operational stage of cognitive development?

A

pre-adolescents and adolescents acquire the capacity for the ability to apply logical thought to abstract and hypothetical situations in the past, present, and future

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59
Q

the realisation that objects continue to exist when they can no longer be perceived

A

object permanence

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60
Q

awareness that physical quantities remain constant despite changes in their shape or appearance

A

conservation

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61
Q

realising that any change in the shape, position, or order of matter can be reversed mentally

A

reversibility

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62
Q

the ability to apply logical thought to abstract and hypothetical situations in the past, present, and future

A

hypothetico-deductive thinking

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63
Q

What are the stages of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?

A
  1. preconventional
  2. conventional
  3. postconventional
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64
Q

moral development stage: lowest level of moral development; “right” is whatever gains a reward or avoids punishment

A

preconventional level

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65
Q

moral development stage: right and wrong are based on the internalised standards of others; “right” is whatever is approved by others or is consistent with the laws of society

A

conventional level

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66
Q

moral development stage: highest level of moral reasoning; “right” is whatever furthers basic human rights

A

postconventional level

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67
Q

What are the 3 child-rearing practices?

A
  1. authoritarian
  2. permissive
  3. authoritative
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68
Q

child-rearing practice in which parents impose rules and expect obedience

A

authoritarian

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69
Q

child-rearing practice in which parents submit to children’s demands

A

permissive

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70
Q

child-rearing practice in which parents are demanding but responsive to their children

A

authoritative

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71
Q

What are Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development?

A
  1. basic trust vs. basic mistrust
  2. autonomy vs. shame and doubt
  3. initiative vs. guilt
  4. industry vs. inferiority
  5. identity vs. role confusion
  6. intimacy vs. isolation
  7. generativity vs. stagnation
  8. ego integrity vs. despair
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72
Q

What are the patterns of identity formation?

A
  1. foreclosure
  2. moratorium
  3. identity diffusion
  4. identity achievement
73
Q

premature commitment to visions, values, and roles prescribed by one’s parents

A

foreclosure

74
Q

delaying commitment for awhile to experiment with alternative ideologies and careers

A

moratorium

75
Q

young person is neither in crisis nor has reached a commitment

A

identity diffusion

76
Q

involves arriving at a sense of self and direction after some consideration of alternative possibilities

A

identity achievement

77
Q

the reduction in the speed of neural transmission leading to delayed physical and mental functions

A

general slowing

78
Q

verbal ability and accumulated knowledge; tends to increase over the lifespan

A

crystallised intelligence

79
Q

reasoning and mental flexibility; peaks in early 20’s and declines slowly as people age

A

fluid intelligence

80
Q

individuals who are in the early stages of this disease show more MRI activity in the brain than normals of the same age

A

Alzheimer’s disease

81
Q

stage in which an adult is becoming no longer able to reproduce

A

menopause

82
Q

Instinct theory and drive-reduction theory both emphasise ____ factors in motivation.

A

biological

83
Q

According to Maslow’s theory:

a. most basic motives are based on physiological needs
b. needs are satisfied in a specified order
c. highest motives related to self-actualisation
d. all of the above are true

A

d

84
Q

Two rats have escaped from their cages in the neurophysiology lab. The technician needs your help in returning them to their proper cages. One rat is grossly overweight; the other is severely underweight. You confidently state that the overweight rat goes in the “_____-destruction” cage, while the underweight rat goes in the “_____-destruction” cage.

A

ventromedial hypothalamus; lateral hypothalamus

85
Q

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion states that:

A

conscious experience of an emotion occurs at the same time as the body’s physical reaction

86
Q

You are on your way to school to take a big exam. Suddenly, on noticing that your pulse is racing and that you are sweating, you feel nervous. Which theory of emotion is this experience?

A

James-Lange theory

87
Q

During which stage of the general adaptation syndrome is a person especially vulnerable to disease?

A

stage of exhaustion

88
Q

One effect of stress on the body is to:

A

suppress the immune system

89
Q

Jill is an easygoing, noncompetitive person who is happy in her job and enjoys her leisure time. She would probably be classified as which type?

A

Type B

90
Q

Ricardo has been unable to resolve a stressful relationship with a family member. To cope, he turns to a close friend for social support. Ricardo’s coping strategy is an:

A

emotion-focused coping

91
Q

involves goal-directed behaviour

A

motivation

92
Q

behavioural patterns that are unlearned, uniform in expression, and universal in a species

A

instincts

93
Q

a theory based on the observation that organisms seek to maintain homeostasis, with an internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities to reduce this tension

A

drive theory (biological)

94
Q

an external goal that has the capacity to motivate behaviour

A

incentive (environment)

95
Q

Stimulation of the _____ causes animals to eat.

A

lateral hypothalamus

96
Q

Stimulation of the ____ causes animals to stop eating.

A

ventromedial hypothalamus

97
Q

What are the levels of Maslow’s Theory?

A
  1. physiological
  2. security
  3. love and belonging
  4. esteem
  5. purpose and meaning
  6. self-actualisation
98
Q

What is the lowest need of Maslow’s theory?

A

the physiological needs

99
Q

What is the highest need of Maslow’s theory?

A

the need for self-actualisation

100
Q

deriving great personal satisfaction from an incentive

A

intrinsic motivation

101
Q

motivation to perform specific behaviors to achieve promised outside rewards or to avoid punishment from others

A

extrinsic motivation

102
Q

eating disorder marked by self-starvation

A

anorexia

103
Q

eating disorder marked by binging and purging

A

bulimia

104
Q

involves the need to associate with others and maintain social bonds

A

affiliation

105
Q

Does anxiety increase or decrease affiliation?

A

increase

106
Q

involves the need to master difficult challenges, to outperform others, and to meet high standards of excellence

A

achievement motive

107
Q

What does the polygraph test measure?

A

autonomic responses in connection with emotional ones to determine if an individual is lying or not

108
Q

What are the 3 components of emotion?

A
  1. cognitive
  2. physiological
  3. behavioural
109
Q

subjective feelings

A

cognitive component of emotion

110
Q

autonomic arousal

A

physiological component of emotion

111
Q

nonverbal expressiveness

A

behavioural component of emotion

112
Q

What does the James-Lange Theory of Emotion claim? (short answer question)

A

It claims that perceiving biological arousal leads to conscious experience of fear; that physiological experiences determine what emotions we feel.

113
Q

What does the Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion claim? (short answer question)

A

That emotion occurs when the thalamus sends signals that simultaneously cause us to be conscious of our emotion and that creates physiological arousal.

114
Q

Theory that claims that the experience of emotion depends on autonomic arousal and cognitive interpretation of that arousal.

A

Schachter’s Two-Factor Theory

115
Q

Theory that proposes that a cognitive appraisal is the first step in an emotional response, and that all other aspects of emotion, including physiological arousal, depend on it

A

Lazarus theory

116
Q

Theory that claims that homeostasis is the basis of experience of emotion; once an emotional response is activated, it will be followed shortly by its opposite.

A

Solomon’s Opponent Process Theory

117
Q

physiological and psychological response to a condition that threatens or challenges a person and requires some sort of adaptation

A

stress

118
Q

stimuli or events that can produce physical or emotional stress

A

stressors

119
Q

developed to measure stress; meant to show life events that produce the greatest life changes that are considered the most stressful

A

Social Readjustment Rating Scale

120
Q

little stressors encountered in daily life

A

hassles

121
Q

may neutralise the effects of hassles

A

uplifts

122
Q

having to choose between equally desirable alternatives

A

approach-approach conflict

123
Q

having to choose between undesirable alternatives

A

avoidance-avoidance conflict

124
Q

conflict arising when the same choice has desirable and undesirable features

A

approach-avoidance conflict

125
Q

can have a variety of consequences, including reduced effectiveness, absenteeism, accidents, lower morale, and substance abuse

A

job stress

126
Q

What is the general adaptation syndrome and what are its stages? (short answer question)

A

A predictable sequence of reactions that organisms show in response to stressors; the three stages are the alarm stage, the resistance stage, and the exhaustion stage.

127
Q

What happens during the alarm stage of general adaptation syndrome?

A

Increased heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar energises body for fight or flight

128
Q

What happens during the resistance stage of general adaptation syndrome?

A

intense physiological efforts made to resist or adapt to stressor

129
Q

What happens during the exhaustion stage of general adaptation syndrome?

A

stores of energy are depleted, resulting in exhaustion and eventually death

130
Q

theory that proposes that stress results from a person’s perception of stressors, and not from the stressors themselves

A

Cognitive Theory of Stress

131
Q

a direct response aimed at reducing, modifying, or eliminating a source of stress

A

problem-focused coping

132
Q

a response involving reappraisal of a stressor to reduce its emotional impact

A

emotion-focused coping

133
Q

behaviour type: time urgency, impatience, competitiveness, hostility, and anger

A

type A

134
Q

behaviour type: relaxed, easygoing approach to life, without time urgency or competitiveness or hostility

A

type B

135
Q

combination of commitment, control, and challenge

A

hardiness

136
Q

According to Freud, defense mechanisms are methods of reducing:

A

anxiety

137
Q

Jill has a biting, sarcastic manner. According to Freud, she is:

A

fixated in the oral stage of development

138
Q

The school psychological believes that having a positive self-concept is necessary before students can achieve their potential. Evidently, the school psychologist is an advocate of:

A

humanistic perspective

139
Q

Trait theory attempts to:

A

describe and classify people in terms of their predispositions to behave in certain ways

140
Q

The Big Five personality factors are:

A

Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

141
Q

Which of the following statements about self-esteem is NOT correct?

A

people with low self-esteem tend to be non-conformists

142
Q

an individual’s characteristic style of behaving, thinking, and feeling

A

personality

143
Q

theory that rests on three primary assumptions: psychic determinism, symbolic meaning, and unconscious motivation

A

psychoanalytic theory

144
Q

contact with the outside world

A

conscious

145
Q

difficult to retrieve material; well below the surface of awareness

A

unconscious

146
Q

Freud thought that the psyche consisted of three components. What are they, and what are their functions? (short answer question)

A
  1. id - basic instincts, operates on pleasure principle
  2. ego - principal decision maker which operates on reality principle
  3. superego - sense of morality
147
Q

unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasant emotions such as anxiety and guilt

A

defense mechanisms

148
Q

involves creating false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behaviour

A

rationalisation

149
Q

involves keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious

A

repression

150
Q

attributing your own thoughts, feelings, or motives to another

A

projection

151
Q

diverting emotional feelings from their original source to a substitute target

A

displacement

152
Q

behaving in a way that’s exactly the opposite of one’s true feelings

A

reaction formation

153
Q

reversion to immature patterns of behaviour

A

regression

154
Q

bolstering self-esteem by forming an imaginary or real alliance with some person or group

A

identification

155
Q

channeling unacceptable sexual or aggressive drives into socially acceptable and culturally enhancing activities

A

sublimation

156
Q

refusing to acknowledge consciously the existence of danger or a threatening situation

A

denial

157
Q

Freud believed that we pass through stages, each of which is focused on an erogenous zone. He insisted that sexuality begins in infancy, and individuals who get fixated on a stage have difficulty moving on.

A

psychosexual stages

158
Q

Psychosexual stage: fixation can lead to dependency and passivity or sarcasm and hostility

A

oral stage

159
Q

Psychosexual stage: fixation can lead to excessive cleanliness and stinginess or messiness and rebelliousness

A

anal stage

160
Q

Psychosexual stage: fixation can lead to flirtatiousness and promiscuity or excessive pride and chastity

A

phallic stage

161
Q

Psychosexual stage: period of sexual calm

A

latency

162
Q

Psychosexual stage: revival of sexual interests

A

genital stage

163
Q

used to describe people who compensate for feeling like they’re not as good as others by acting ways that make them appear superior

A

Adler’s theory (inferiority complex)

164
Q

locus of control in which the individual tries to change their method of approach

A

internal locus of control

165
Q

locus of control in which the individual blaims outside factors for their failure

A

external locus of control

166
Q

Maslow said that these people tend to be creative, spontaneous, and accepting of themselves and others, but can come off as difficult to work with or aloof, and are prone to peak experiences

A

self-actualisation

167
Q

Traits that are so pervasive that almost every act can be traced to their influences

A

cardinal traits

168
Q

the kinds of traits that one would mention in a recommendation letter

A

central traits

169
Q

the observable qualities of personality

A

surface traits

170
Q

traits that cause certain surface traits to cluster together

A

source traits

171
Q

the most researched test that contains three validity scales designed to detect various types of distorted responses

A

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

172
Q

test which supposedly tells you about personality traits of the respondent

A

Rorschach Inkblot Test

173
Q

test that requires subject to construct a story based on pictures

A

Thematic Apperception Test

174
Q

a person’s behavior is both influenced by and influences a person’s personal factors and the environment

A

reciprocal determinism (Bandura)

175
Q

the rate at which a certain behavior occurs is determined not by what precedes it, but by the consequence that follows it

A

Skinnerian determinism (B.F. Skinner)

176
Q

when one person is completely accepting toward another person

A

Unconditional positive regard (Carl Rogers)

177
Q

bonus question: What is the average IQ score?

A

100

178
Q

bonus question: Which stage are you most likely to see miscarriages during development?

A

embryonic

179
Q

bonus question: what are hassles?

A

daily stressors like losing your keys

General Psychology (4 decks)

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