Test 3 Flashcards
1
Q
focused on higher mental processes–reasoning, understanding, judgment; has something to do with the capacity to understand theoretical concepts
A
intelligence
2
Q
accounts for overall differences in intellect among people
A
general intelligence
3
Q
an indication of different domains of intellectual skill–in which an individual excels in some domains and does poorly in others
A
savant syndrome (autism)
4
Q
the ability to understand our own and others’ emotions, then apply that information
A
emotional intelligence
5
Q
often measured using tests of divergent thinking (outside the box), but also needs to be measured with convergent thinking (finding the single best answer to a problem)
A
creativity
6
Q
test that measures overall IQ
A
intelligence test
7
Q
how old a person is psychologically, rather than chronologically
A
mental age
8
Q
came up with the concept of mental age being used in development of the intelligence quotient
A
Binet
9
Q
a mathematical formula that is supposed to be a measure of a person’s intelligence
A
intelligence quotient (IQ)
10
Q
when a person of a certain demographic is told they are not as good at a subject because of their race, they perform poorly on the test; this is called
A
stereotype threat
11
Q
characterised by childhood onset of low IQ (below about 70) and inability to engage in adequate daily functioning
A
mental retardation
12
Q
this helps predict performance across a wide variety of occupations, and relationships hold up even when social class is accounted for, on IQ scores
A
validity
13
Q
this helps stabilise scores in adults over long periods of time, on IQ tests, but prior to age 3 it can be very unstable and a poor predictor of adult IQ
A
reliability
14
Q
the most commonly used IQ test for adults; measures overall IQ, verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, and processing speed
A
Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
15
Q
consistency and objectivity of how tests are administered and scored
A
standardisation
16
Q
a test that measures a person’s capacity to learn
A
aptitude test
17
Q
a standardized test that is designed to measure an individual’s level of knowledge in a particular area
A
achievement test
18
Q
In Piaget’s stage of concrete operational intelligence, the child acquires an understanding of the principle of:
A
conservation
19
Q
During which stage of cognitive development do children acquire object permanence?
A
sensorimotor
20
Q
Harlow’s studies of attachment in monkeys showed that:
A
a cloth mother produced the greatest attachment response
21
Q
As a child observes, liquid is transferred from a tall, thin tube into a short, wide jar. The child is asked if there is now less liquid in order to determine if she has mastered:
A
concept of conservation
22
Q
In a 1998 movie, a young girl finds that a gaggle of geese follow her wherever she goes because she was the first “object” they saw after they were born. This is an example of:
A
imprinting
23
Q
In preconventional morality, the person:
A
obeys to avoid punishment or to gain concrete rewards
24
Q
Sam, a juniour in high school, regularly attends church because his family and friends think he should. Which stage of moral reasoning is Sam in?
A
conventional
25
A person's ability to think abstractly is called ____ intelligence. This ability generally _____ with age.
fluid; decreases
26
After their grown children have left home, most couples experience:
greater happiness and enjoyment in their relationship
27
refers to the sequence of age-related changes that occur as a person progresses from conception to death
development
28
a one-celled organism formed by the union of a sperm and an egg
zygote
29
What are the 3 phases of the developmental stage in the womb?
1. germinal
2. embryonic
3. fetal
30
this stage of prenatal development encompasses the first 2 weeks after conception; during the implantation process, the placenta begins to form
germinal stage
31
during this stage, most of the vital organs and bodily system start to form; this stage is a period of great vulnerability because all physiological structures are being formed.
embryonic stage
32
most miscarriages occur during the:
embryonic stage
33
during this stage, muscles and bones begin to form and the developing organism becomes capable of physical movements
fetal stage
34
prescribed to women in 1960 to minimise morning sickness; interfered with embryonic development
thalidomide
35
term used for harmful agents that can affect the embryo or fetus
teratogens
36
What is fetal alcohol syndrome and what are the physiological effects on a child? (short answer question)
fetal alcohol syndrome is when the mother drinks excessive alcohol during pregnancy and the child is born with physiological defects; typical defects include
1. small head
2. heart defects
3. small eyes
4. underdeveloped midface
5. severe impairments of intellectual functioning
37
a reflex that helps newborns locate food
rooting reflex
38
motor development in infants is largely determined by
maturation
39
a glass platform that extends over a several-foot drop-off
visual cliff
40
a person's behavioural style or characteristic way of responding to the environment
temperament
41
What are the general types of temperament?
1. easy
2. difficult
3. slow-to-warm-up
42
a temperament in which a child has pleasant moods and approaches new people and situations positively
easy
43
a temperament in which a child has generally unpleasant moods and reacts negatively to new people and situations
difficult
44
a temperament in which a child tends to withdraw, is slow to adapt, and somewhat negative in mood
slow-to-warm-up
45
what a child exhibits after growing an attachment to the caregiver and the caregiver leaves to go into another room
separation anxiety
46
What are the attachment patterns?
1. secure attachment
2. avoidant attachment
3. resistant attachment
4. disorganised/disoriented attachment
47
attachment pattern in which a child is more cooperative and content than other infants and displays better social skills
secure attachment
48
attachment pattern in which a child is not responsive to mother and not troubled when she leaves; may avoid contact with mother after separation
avoidant attachment
49
attachment pattern in which a child seeks close contact with mother and tends not to branch out and explore; after separation may get angry at mother
resistant attachment
50
attachment pattern in which a child protests separation but exhibits contradictory behaviour when reunited
disorganised/disoriented attachment
51
What are Piaget's stages of cognitive development?
1. sensorimotor stage
2. preoperational stage
3. concrete operational stage
4. formal operational stage
52
What happens during the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development?
infants gain an understanding of the world through their senses and motor activities; major achievement of this stage is object permanence
53
What happens during the preoperational stage of cognitive development?
Children show centration, irreversibility, and egocentrism.
54
What is centration?
the tendency to focus on just one feature of a problem, neglecting other important aspects
55
What is irreversibility?
inability to envision reversing an action
56
What is egocentrism?
where thinking is characterised by a limited ability to share another person's viewpoint
57
What happens during the concrete operational stage of cognitive development?
children acquire the concept of conservation; children begin to understand reversibility
58
What happens during the formal operational stage of cognitive development?
pre-adolescents and adolescents acquire the capacity for the ability to apply logical thought to abstract and hypothetical situations in the past, present, and future
59
the realisation that objects continue to exist when they can no longer be perceived
object permanence
60
awareness that physical quantities remain constant despite changes in their shape or appearance
conservation
61
realising that any change in the shape, position, or order of matter can be reversed mentally
reversibility
62
the ability to apply logical thought to abstract and hypothetical situations in the past, present, and future
hypothetico-deductive thinking
63
What are the stages of Kohlberg's theory of moral development?
1. preconventional
2. conventional
3. postconventional
64
moral development stage: lowest level of moral development; "right" is whatever gains a reward or avoids punishment
preconventional level
65
moral development stage: right and wrong are based on the internalised standards of others; "right" is whatever is approved by others or is consistent with the laws of society
conventional level
66
moral development stage: highest level of moral reasoning; "right" is whatever furthers basic human rights
postconventional level
67
What are the 3 child-rearing practices?
1. authoritarian
2. permissive
3. authoritative
68
child-rearing practice in which parents impose rules and expect obedience
authoritarian
69
child-rearing practice in which parents submit to children's demands
permissive
70
child-rearing practice in which parents are demanding but responsive to their children
authoritative
71
What are Erikson's stages of psychosocial development?
1. basic trust vs. basic mistrust
2. autonomy vs. shame and doubt
3. initiative vs. guilt
4. industry vs. inferiority
5. identity vs. role confusion
6. intimacy vs. isolation
7. generativity vs. stagnation
8. ego integrity vs. despair
72
What are the patterns of identity formation?
1. foreclosure
2. moratorium
3. identity diffusion
4. identity achievement
73
premature commitment to visions, values, and roles prescribed by one's parents
foreclosure
74
delaying commitment for awhile to experiment with alternative ideologies and careers
moratorium
75
young person is neither in crisis nor has reached a commitment
identity diffusion
76
involves arriving at a sense of self and direction after some consideration of alternative possibilities
identity achievement
77
the reduction in the speed of neural transmission leading to delayed physical and mental functions
general slowing
78
verbal ability and accumulated knowledge; tends to increase over the lifespan
crystallised intelligence
79
reasoning and mental flexibility; peaks in early 20's and declines slowly as people age
fluid intelligence
80
individuals who are in the early stages of this disease show more MRI activity in the brain than normals of the same age
Alzheimer's disease
81
stage in which an adult is becoming no longer able to reproduce
menopause
82
Instinct theory and drive-reduction theory both emphasise ____ factors in motivation.
biological
83
According to Maslow's theory:
a. most basic motives are based on physiological needs
b. needs are satisfied in a specified order
c. highest motives related to self-actualisation
d. all of the above are true
d
84
Two rats have escaped from their cages in the neurophysiology lab. The technician needs your help in returning them to their proper cages. One rat is grossly overweight; the other is severely underweight. You confidently state that the overweight rat goes in the "_____-destruction" cage, while the underweight rat goes in the "_____-destruction" cage.
ventromedial hypothalamus; lateral hypothalamus
85
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion states that:
conscious experience of an emotion occurs at the same time as the body's physical reaction
86
You are on your way to school to take a big exam. Suddenly, on noticing that your pulse is racing and that you are sweating, you feel nervous. Which theory of emotion is this experience?
James-Lange theory
87
During which stage of the general adaptation syndrome is a person especially vulnerable to disease?
stage of exhaustion
88
One effect of stress on the body is to:
suppress the immune system
89
Jill is an easygoing, noncompetitive person who is happy in her job and enjoys her leisure time. She would probably be classified as which type?
Type B
90
Ricardo has been unable to resolve a stressful relationship with a family member. To cope, he turns to a close friend for social support. Ricardo's coping strategy is an:
emotion-focused coping
91
involves goal-directed behaviour
motivation
92
behavioural patterns that are unlearned, uniform in expression, and universal in a species
instincts
93
a theory based on the observation that organisms seek to maintain homeostasis, with an internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities to reduce this tension
drive theory (biological)
94
an external goal that has the capacity to motivate behaviour
incentive (environment)
95
Stimulation of the _____ causes animals to eat.
lateral hypothalamus
96
Stimulation of the ____ causes animals to stop eating.
ventromedial hypothalamus
97
What are the levels of Maslow's Theory?
1. physiological
2. security
3. love and belonging
4. esteem
5. purpose and meaning
6. self-actualisation
98
What is the lowest need of Maslow's theory?
the physiological needs
99
What is the highest need of Maslow's theory?
the need for self-actualisation
100
deriving great personal satisfaction from an incentive
intrinsic motivation
101
motivation to perform specific behaviors to achieve promised outside rewards or to avoid punishment from others
extrinsic motivation
102
eating disorder marked by self-starvation
anorexia
103
eating disorder marked by binging and purging
bulimia
104
involves the need to associate with others and maintain social bonds
affiliation
105
Does anxiety increase or decrease affiliation?
increase
106
involves the need to master difficult challenges, to outperform others, and to meet high standards of excellence
achievement motive
107
What does the polygraph test measure?
autonomic responses in connection with emotional ones to determine if an individual is lying or not
108
What are the 3 components of emotion?
1. cognitive
2. physiological
3. behavioural
109
subjective feelings
cognitive component of emotion
110
autonomic arousal
physiological component of emotion
111
nonverbal expressiveness
behavioural component of emotion
112
What does the James-Lange Theory of Emotion claim? (short answer question)
It claims that perceiving biological arousal leads to conscious experience of fear; that physiological experiences determine what emotions we feel.
113
What does the Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion claim? (short answer question)
That emotion occurs when the thalamus sends signals that simultaneously cause us to be conscious of our emotion and that creates physiological arousal.
114
Theory that claims that the experience of emotion depends on autonomic arousal and cognitive interpretation of that arousal.
Schachter's Two-Factor Theory
115
Theory that proposes that a cognitive appraisal is the first step in an emotional response, and that all other aspects of emotion, including physiological arousal, depend on it
Lazarus theory
116
Theory that claims that homeostasis is the basis of experience of emotion; once an emotional response is activated, it will be followed shortly by its opposite.
Solomon's Opponent Process Theory
117
physiological and psychological response to a condition that threatens or challenges a person and requires some sort of adaptation
stress
118
stimuli or events that can produce physical or emotional stress
stressors
119
developed to measure stress; meant to show life events that produce the greatest life changes that are considered the most stressful
Social Readjustment Rating Scale
120
little stressors encountered in daily life
hassles
121
may neutralise the effects of hassles
uplifts
122
having to choose between equally desirable alternatives
approach-approach conflict
123
having to choose between undesirable alternatives
avoidance-avoidance conflict
124
conflict arising when the same choice has desirable and undesirable features
approach-avoidance conflict
125
can have a variety of consequences, including reduced effectiveness, absenteeism, accidents, lower morale, and substance abuse
job stress
126
What is the general adaptation syndrome and what are its stages? (short answer question)
A predictable sequence of reactions that organisms show in response to stressors; the three stages are the alarm stage, the resistance stage, and the exhaustion stage.
127
What happens during the alarm stage of general adaptation syndrome?
Increased heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar energises body for fight or flight
128
What happens during the resistance stage of general adaptation syndrome?
intense physiological efforts made to resist or adapt to stressor
129
What happens during the exhaustion stage of general adaptation syndrome?
stores of energy are depleted, resulting in exhaustion and eventually death
130
theory that proposes that stress results from a person's perception of stressors, and not from the stressors themselves
Cognitive Theory of Stress
131
a direct response aimed at reducing, modifying, or eliminating a source of stress
problem-focused coping
132
a response involving reappraisal of a stressor to reduce its emotional impact
emotion-focused coping
133
behaviour type: time urgency, impatience, competitiveness, hostility, and anger
type A
134
behaviour type: relaxed, easygoing approach to life, without time urgency or competitiveness or hostility
type B
135
combination of commitment, control, and challenge
hardiness
136
According to Freud, defense mechanisms are methods of reducing:
anxiety
137
Jill has a biting, sarcastic manner. According to Freud, she is:
fixated in the oral stage of development
138
The school psychological believes that having a positive self-concept is necessary before students can achieve their potential. Evidently, the school psychologist is an advocate of:
humanistic perspective
139
Trait theory attempts to:
describe and classify people in terms of their predispositions to behave in certain ways
140
The Big Five personality factors are:
Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
141
Which of the following statements about self-esteem is NOT correct?
people with low self-esteem tend to be non-conformists
142
an individual's characteristic style of behaving, thinking, and feeling
personality
143
theory that rests on three primary assumptions: psychic determinism, symbolic meaning, and unconscious motivation
psychoanalytic theory
144
contact with the outside world
conscious
145
difficult to retrieve material; well below the surface of awareness
unconscious
146
Freud thought that the psyche consisted of three components. What are they, and what are their functions? (short answer question)
1. id - basic instincts, operates on pleasure principle
2. ego - principal decision maker which operates on reality principle
3. superego - sense of morality
147
unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasant emotions such as anxiety and guilt
defense mechanisms
148
involves creating false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behaviour
rationalisation
149
involves keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious
repression
150
attributing your own thoughts, feelings, or motives to another
projection
151
diverting emotional feelings from their original source to a substitute target
displacement
152
behaving in a way that's exactly the opposite of one's true feelings
reaction formation
153
reversion to immature patterns of behaviour
regression
154
bolstering self-esteem by forming an imaginary or real alliance with some person or group
identification
155
channeling unacceptable sexual or aggressive drives into socially acceptable and culturally enhancing activities
sublimation
156
refusing to acknowledge consciously the existence of danger or a threatening situation
denial
157
Freud believed that we pass through stages, each of which is focused on an erogenous zone. He insisted that sexuality begins in infancy, and individuals who get fixated on a stage have difficulty moving on.
psychosexual stages
158
Psychosexual stage: fixation can lead to dependency and passivity or sarcasm and hostility
oral stage
159
Psychosexual stage: fixation can lead to excessive cleanliness and stinginess or messiness and rebelliousness
anal stage
160
Psychosexual stage: fixation can lead to flirtatiousness and promiscuity or excessive pride and chastity
phallic stage
161
Psychosexual stage: period of sexual calm
latency
162
Psychosexual stage: revival of sexual interests
genital stage
163
used to describe people who compensate for feeling like they're not as good as others by acting ways that make them appear superior
Adler's theory (inferiority complex)
164
locus of control in which the individual tries to change their method of approach
internal locus of control
165
locus of control in which the individual blaims outside factors for their failure
external locus of control
166
Maslow said that these people tend to be creative, spontaneous, and accepting of themselves and others, but can come off as difficult to work with or aloof, and are prone to peak experiences
self-actualisation
167
Traits that are so pervasive that almost every act can be traced to their influences
cardinal traits
168
the kinds of traits that one would mention in a recommendation letter
central traits
169
the observable qualities of personality
surface traits
170
traits that cause certain surface traits to cluster together
source traits
171
the most researched test that contains three validity scales designed to detect various types of distorted responses
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
172
test which supposedly tells you about personality traits of the respondent
Rorschach Inkblot Test
173
test that requires subject to construct a story based on pictures
Thematic Apperception Test
174
a person's behavior is both influenced by and influences a person's personal factors and the environment
reciprocal determinism (Bandura)
175
the rate at which a certain behavior occurs is determined not by what precedes it, but by the consequence that follows it
Skinnerian determinism (B.F. Skinner)
176
when one person is completely accepting toward another person
Unconditional positive regard (Carl Rogers)
177
bonus question: What is the average IQ score?
100
178
bonus question: Which stage are you most likely to see miscarriages during development?
embryonic
179
bonus question: what are hassles?
daily stressors like losing your keys
