Test 3 Flashcards
focused on higher mental processes–reasoning, understanding, judgment; has something to do with the capacity to understand theoretical concepts
intelligence
accounts for overall differences in intellect among people
general intelligence
an indication of different domains of intellectual skill–in which an individual excels in some domains and does poorly in others
savant syndrome (autism)
the ability to understand our own and others’ emotions, then apply that information
emotional intelligence
often measured using tests of divergent thinking (outside the box), but also needs to be measured with convergent thinking (finding the single best answer to a problem)
creativity
test that measures overall IQ
intelligence test
how old a person is psychologically, rather than chronologically
mental age
came up with the concept of mental age being used in development of the intelligence quotient
Binet
a mathematical formula that is supposed to be a measure of a person’s intelligence
intelligence quotient (IQ)
when a person of a certain demographic is told they are not as good at a subject because of their race, they perform poorly on the test; this is called
stereotype threat
characterised by childhood onset of low IQ (below about 70) and inability to engage in adequate daily functioning
mental retardation
this helps predict performance across a wide variety of occupations, and relationships hold up even when social class is accounted for, on IQ scores
validity
this helps stabilise scores in adults over long periods of time, on IQ tests, but prior to age 3 it can be very unstable and a poor predictor of adult IQ
reliability
the most commonly used IQ test for adults; measures overall IQ, verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, and processing speed
Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
consistency and objectivity of how tests are administered and scored
standardisation
a test that measures a person’s capacity to learn
aptitude test
a standardized test that is designed to measure an individual’s level of knowledge in a particular area
achievement test
In Piaget’s stage of concrete operational intelligence, the child acquires an understanding of the principle of:
conservation
During which stage of cognitive development do children acquire object permanence?
sensorimotor
Harlow’s studies of attachment in monkeys showed that:
a cloth mother produced the greatest attachment response
As a child observes, liquid is transferred from a tall, thin tube into a short, wide jar. The child is asked if there is now less liquid in order to determine if she has mastered:
concept of conservation
In a 1998 movie, a young girl finds that a gaggle of geese follow her wherever she goes because she was the first “object” they saw after they were born. This is an example of:
imprinting
In preconventional morality, the person:
obeys to avoid punishment or to gain concrete rewards
Sam, a juniour in high school, regularly attends church because his family and friends think he should. Which stage of moral reasoning is Sam in?
conventional
A person’s ability to think abstractly is called ____ intelligence. This ability generally _____ with age.
fluid; decreases
After their grown children have left home, most couples experience:
greater happiness and enjoyment in their relationship
refers to the sequence of age-related changes that occur as a person progresses from conception to death
development
a one-celled organism formed by the union of a sperm and an egg
zygote
What are the 3 phases of the developmental stage in the womb?
- germinal
- embryonic
- fetal
this stage of prenatal development encompasses the first 2 weeks after conception; during the implantation process, the placenta begins to form
germinal stage
during this stage, most of the vital organs and bodily system start to form; this stage is a period of great vulnerability because all physiological structures are being formed.
embryonic stage
most miscarriages occur during the:
embryonic stage
during this stage, muscles and bones begin to form and the developing organism becomes capable of physical movements
fetal stage
prescribed to women in 1960 to minimise morning sickness; interfered with embryonic development
thalidomide
term used for harmful agents that can affect the embryo or fetus
teratogens
What is fetal alcohol syndrome and what are the physiological effects on a child? (short answer question)
fetal alcohol syndrome is when the mother drinks excessive alcohol during pregnancy and the child is born with physiological defects; typical defects include
- small head
- heart defects
- small eyes
- underdeveloped midface
- severe impairments of intellectual functioning
a reflex that helps newborns locate food
rooting reflex
motor development in infants is largely determined by
maturation
a glass platform that extends over a several-foot drop-off
visual cliff
a person’s behavioural style or characteristic way of responding to the environment
temperament
What are the general types of temperament?
- easy
- difficult
- slow-to-warm-up
a temperament in which a child has pleasant moods and approaches new people and situations positively
easy
a temperament in which a child has generally unpleasant moods and reacts negatively to new people and situations
difficult
a temperament in which a child tends to withdraw, is slow to adapt, and somewhat negative in mood
slow-to-warm-up
what a child exhibits after growing an attachment to the caregiver and the caregiver leaves to go into another room
separation anxiety
What are the attachment patterns?
- secure attachment
- avoidant attachment
- resistant attachment
- disorganised/disoriented attachment
attachment pattern in which a child is more cooperative and content than other infants and displays better social skills
secure attachment
attachment pattern in which a child is not responsive to mother and not troubled when she leaves; may avoid contact with mother after separation
avoidant attachment
attachment pattern in which a child seeks close contact with mother and tends not to branch out and explore; after separation may get angry at mother
resistant attachment
attachment pattern in which a child protests separation but exhibits contradictory behaviour when reunited
disorganised/disoriented attachment
What are Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?
- sensorimotor stage
- preoperational stage
- concrete operational stage
- formal operational stage
What happens during the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development?
infants gain an understanding of the world through their senses and motor activities; major achievement of this stage is object permanence
What happens during the preoperational stage of cognitive development?
Children show centration, irreversibility, and egocentrism.
What is centration?
the tendency to focus on just one feature of a problem, neglecting other important aspects
What is irreversibility?
inability to envision reversing an action
What is egocentrism?
where thinking is characterised by a limited ability to share another person’s viewpoint
What happens during the concrete operational stage of cognitive development?
children acquire the concept of conservation; children begin to understand reversibility
What happens during the formal operational stage of cognitive development?
pre-adolescents and adolescents acquire the capacity for the ability to apply logical thought to abstract and hypothetical situations in the past, present, and future
the realisation that objects continue to exist when they can no longer be perceived
object permanence
awareness that physical quantities remain constant despite changes in their shape or appearance
conservation
realising that any change in the shape, position, or order of matter can be reversed mentally
reversibility
the ability to apply logical thought to abstract and hypothetical situations in the past, present, and future
hypothetico-deductive thinking
What are the stages of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
- preconventional
- conventional
- postconventional
moral development stage: lowest level of moral development; “right” is whatever gains a reward or avoids punishment
preconventional level
moral development stage: right and wrong are based on the internalised standards of others; “right” is whatever is approved by others or is consistent with the laws of society
conventional level
moral development stage: highest level of moral reasoning; “right” is whatever furthers basic human rights
postconventional level
What are the 3 child-rearing practices?
- authoritarian
- permissive
- authoritative
child-rearing practice in which parents impose rules and expect obedience
authoritarian
child-rearing practice in which parents submit to children’s demands
permissive
child-rearing practice in which parents are demanding but responsive to their children
authoritative
What are Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development?
- basic trust vs. basic mistrust
- autonomy vs. shame and doubt
- initiative vs. guilt
- industry vs. inferiority
- identity vs. role confusion
- intimacy vs. isolation
- generativity vs. stagnation
- ego integrity vs. despair
What are the patterns of identity formation?
- foreclosure
- moratorium
- identity diffusion
- identity achievement
premature commitment to visions, values, and roles prescribed by one’s parents
foreclosure
delaying commitment for awhile to experiment with alternative ideologies and careers
moratorium
young person is neither in crisis nor has reached a commitment
identity diffusion
involves arriving at a sense of self and direction after some consideration of alternative possibilities
identity achievement
the reduction in the speed of neural transmission leading to delayed physical and mental functions
general slowing
verbal ability and accumulated knowledge; tends to increase over the lifespan
crystallised intelligence
reasoning and mental flexibility; peaks in early 20’s and declines slowly as people age
fluid intelligence
individuals who are in the early stages of this disease show more MRI activity in the brain than normals of the same age
Alzheimer’s disease
stage in which an adult is becoming no longer able to reproduce
menopause
Instinct theory and drive-reduction theory both emphasise ____ factors in motivation.
biological
According to Maslow’s theory:
a. most basic motives are based on physiological needs
b. needs are satisfied in a specified order
c. highest motives related to self-actualisation
d. all of the above are true
d
Two rats have escaped from their cages in the neurophysiology lab. The technician needs your help in returning them to their proper cages. One rat is grossly overweight; the other is severely underweight. You confidently state that the overweight rat goes in the “_____-destruction” cage, while the underweight rat goes in the “_____-destruction” cage.
ventromedial hypothalamus; lateral hypothalamus
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion states that:
conscious experience of an emotion occurs at the same time as the body’s physical reaction
You are on your way to school to take a big exam. Suddenly, on noticing that your pulse is racing and that you are sweating, you feel nervous. Which theory of emotion is this experience?
James-Lange theory
During which stage of the general adaptation syndrome is a person especially vulnerable to disease?
stage of exhaustion
One effect of stress on the body is to:
suppress the immune system
Jill is an easygoing, noncompetitive person who is happy in her job and enjoys her leisure time. She would probably be classified as which type?
Type B
Ricardo has been unable to resolve a stressful relationship with a family member. To cope, he turns to a close friend for social support. Ricardo’s coping strategy is an:
emotion-focused coping
involves goal-directed behaviour
motivation
behavioural patterns that are unlearned, uniform in expression, and universal in a species
instincts
a theory based on the observation that organisms seek to maintain homeostasis, with an internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities to reduce this tension
drive theory (biological)
an external goal that has the capacity to motivate behaviour
incentive (environment)
Stimulation of the _____ causes animals to eat.
lateral hypothalamus
Stimulation of the ____ causes animals to stop eating.
ventromedial hypothalamus
What are the levels of Maslow’s Theory?
- physiological
- security
- love and belonging
- esteem
- purpose and meaning
- self-actualisation
What is the lowest need of Maslow’s theory?
the physiological needs
What is the highest need of Maslow’s theory?
the need for self-actualisation
deriving great personal satisfaction from an incentive
intrinsic motivation
motivation to perform specific behaviors to achieve promised outside rewards or to avoid punishment from others
extrinsic motivation
eating disorder marked by self-starvation
anorexia
eating disorder marked by binging and purging
bulimia
involves the need to associate with others and maintain social bonds
affiliation
Does anxiety increase or decrease affiliation?
increase
involves the need to master difficult challenges, to outperform others, and to meet high standards of excellence
achievement motive
What does the polygraph test measure?
autonomic responses in connection with emotional ones to determine if an individual is lying or not
What are the 3 components of emotion?
- cognitive
- physiological
- behavioural
subjective feelings
cognitive component of emotion
autonomic arousal
physiological component of emotion
nonverbal expressiveness
behavioural component of emotion
What does the James-Lange Theory of Emotion claim? (short answer question)
It claims that perceiving biological arousal leads to conscious experience of fear; that physiological experiences determine what emotions we feel.
What does the Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion claim? (short answer question)
That emotion occurs when the thalamus sends signals that simultaneously cause us to be conscious of our emotion and that creates physiological arousal.
Theory that claims that the experience of emotion depends on autonomic arousal and cognitive interpretation of that arousal.
Schachter’s Two-Factor Theory
Theory that proposes that a cognitive appraisal is the first step in an emotional response, and that all other aspects of emotion, including physiological arousal, depend on it
Lazarus theory
Theory that claims that homeostasis is the basis of experience of emotion; once an emotional response is activated, it will be followed shortly by its opposite.
Solomon’s Opponent Process Theory
physiological and psychological response to a condition that threatens or challenges a person and requires some sort of adaptation
stress
stimuli or events that can produce physical or emotional stress
stressors
developed to measure stress; meant to show life events that produce the greatest life changes that are considered the most stressful
Social Readjustment Rating Scale
little stressors encountered in daily life
hassles
may neutralise the effects of hassles
uplifts
having to choose between equally desirable alternatives
approach-approach conflict
having to choose between undesirable alternatives
avoidance-avoidance conflict
conflict arising when the same choice has desirable and undesirable features
approach-avoidance conflict
can have a variety of consequences, including reduced effectiveness, absenteeism, accidents, lower morale, and substance abuse
job stress
What is the general adaptation syndrome and what are its stages? (short answer question)
A predictable sequence of reactions that organisms show in response to stressors; the three stages are the alarm stage, the resistance stage, and the exhaustion stage.
What happens during the alarm stage of general adaptation syndrome?
Increased heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar energises body for fight or flight
What happens during the resistance stage of general adaptation syndrome?
intense physiological efforts made to resist or adapt to stressor
What happens during the exhaustion stage of general adaptation syndrome?
stores of energy are depleted, resulting in exhaustion and eventually death
theory that proposes that stress results from a person’s perception of stressors, and not from the stressors themselves
Cognitive Theory of Stress
a direct response aimed at reducing, modifying, or eliminating a source of stress
problem-focused coping
a response involving reappraisal of a stressor to reduce its emotional impact
emotion-focused coping
behaviour type: time urgency, impatience, competitiveness, hostility, and anger
type A
behaviour type: relaxed, easygoing approach to life, without time urgency or competitiveness or hostility
type B
combination of commitment, control, and challenge
hardiness
According to Freud, defense mechanisms are methods of reducing:
anxiety
Jill has a biting, sarcastic manner. According to Freud, she is:
fixated in the oral stage of development
The school psychological believes that having a positive self-concept is necessary before students can achieve their potential. Evidently, the school psychologist is an advocate of:
humanistic perspective
Trait theory attempts to:
describe and classify people in terms of their predispositions to behave in certain ways
The Big Five personality factors are:
Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
Which of the following statements about self-esteem is NOT correct?
people with low self-esteem tend to be non-conformists
an individual’s characteristic style of behaving, thinking, and feeling
personality
theory that rests on three primary assumptions: psychic determinism, symbolic meaning, and unconscious motivation
psychoanalytic theory
contact with the outside world
conscious
difficult to retrieve material; well below the surface of awareness
unconscious
Freud thought that the psyche consisted of three components. What are they, and what are their functions? (short answer question)
- id - basic instincts, operates on pleasure principle
- ego - principal decision maker which operates on reality principle
- superego - sense of morality
unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasant emotions such as anxiety and guilt
defense mechanisms
involves creating false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behaviour
rationalisation
involves keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious
repression
attributing your own thoughts, feelings, or motives to another
projection
diverting emotional feelings from their original source to a substitute target
displacement
behaving in a way that’s exactly the opposite of one’s true feelings
reaction formation
reversion to immature patterns of behaviour
regression
bolstering self-esteem by forming an imaginary or real alliance with some person or group
identification
channeling unacceptable sexual or aggressive drives into socially acceptable and culturally enhancing activities
sublimation
refusing to acknowledge consciously the existence of danger or a threatening situation
denial
Freud believed that we pass through stages, each of which is focused on an erogenous zone. He insisted that sexuality begins in infancy, and individuals who get fixated on a stage have difficulty moving on.
psychosexual stages
Psychosexual stage: fixation can lead to dependency and passivity or sarcasm and hostility
oral stage
Psychosexual stage: fixation can lead to excessive cleanliness and stinginess or messiness and rebelliousness
anal stage
Psychosexual stage: fixation can lead to flirtatiousness and promiscuity or excessive pride and chastity
phallic stage
Psychosexual stage: period of sexual calm
latency
Psychosexual stage: revival of sexual interests
genital stage
used to describe people who compensate for feeling like they’re not as good as others by acting ways that make them appear superior
Adler’s theory (inferiority complex)
locus of control in which the individual tries to change their method of approach
internal locus of control
locus of control in which the individual blaims outside factors for their failure
external locus of control
Maslow said that these people tend to be creative, spontaneous, and accepting of themselves and others, but can come off as difficult to work with or aloof, and are prone to peak experiences
self-actualisation
Traits that are so pervasive that almost every act can be traced to their influences
cardinal traits
the kinds of traits that one would mention in a recommendation letter
central traits
the observable qualities of personality
surface traits
traits that cause certain surface traits to cluster together
source traits
the most researched test that contains three validity scales designed to detect various types of distorted responses
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
test which supposedly tells you about personality traits of the respondent
Rorschach Inkblot Test
test that requires subject to construct a story based on pictures
Thematic Apperception Test
a person’s behavior is both influenced by and influences a person’s personal factors and the environment
reciprocal determinism (Bandura)
the rate at which a certain behavior occurs is determined not by what precedes it, but by the consequence that follows it
Skinnerian determinism (B.F. Skinner)
when one person is completely accepting toward another person
Unconditional positive regard (Carl Rogers)
bonus question: What is the average IQ score?
100
bonus question: Which stage are you most likely to see miscarriages during development?
embryonic
bonus question: what are hassles?
daily stressors like losing your keys
