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General Psychology > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Which of the following is an example of sensory adaptation?

a) Finding the cold water of a swimming pool warmer after you have been in it for awhile
b) developing an increased sensitivity to salt the more you use it in foods
c) becoming very irritated at the continuing sound of a dripping faucet
d) none of the above

A

a

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2
Q

Sensation is to ___ as perception is to ___.

a) recognising a stimulus; interpreting a stimulus
b) detecting a stimulus; recognising a stimulus
c) interpreting a stimulus; detecting a stimulus
d) seeing; hearing

A

b

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3
Q

The size of the pupil is controlled by the:

A

iris

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4
Q

The receptor of the eye that functions best in dim light is the:

A

rod

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5
Q

The transduction of light energy into nerve impulses takes place in the:

A

retina

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6
Q

According to the opponent-process theory:

A

neurons involved in colour vision are stimulated by one colour’s wavelength and inhibited by another’s

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7
Q

Which is the correct order of the structures through which light passes after entering the eye?

A

cornea –> pupil –> lens –> retina

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8
Q

The place theory of pitch perception can not account for how we hear:

A

low-pitched sounds

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9
Q

The frequency theory of hearing is better than the place theory at explaining our sensation of:

A

the lowest pitches

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10
Q

Kinesthesis involves:

A

information from the muscles, tendons, and joints

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11
Q

Figures tend to be perceived as whole, complete objects, even if spaces or gaps exist in the representation, thus demonstrating the principle of:

A

closure

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12
Q

When we stare at an object, each eye receives a slightly different image, providing a depth cue known as:

A

retinal disparity

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13
Q

The tendency to organise stimuli into smooth, uninterrupted patterns is called:

A

continuity

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14
Q

Each time you see your car, it projects a different image on the retinas of your eyes, yet you do not perceive it as changing. This is because of:

A

perceptual constancy

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15
Q

An artist paints a tree orchard so that the parallel rows of trees converge at the top of the canvas. Which cue has the artist used to convey distance?

A

linear perspective

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16
Q

the detection of physical energy by our sense organs, which send information to the brain:

A

sensation

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17
Q

the brain’s interpretation of raw sensory data

A

perception

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18
Q

the study of how we perceive sensory stimuli based on their physical characteristics

A

psychophysics

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19
Q

the lowest level of a stimulus we can detect 50% of the time

A

absolute threshold

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20
Q

the smallest amount of stimulus change we can detect

A

the just-noticeable difference

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21
Q

activation is highest when stimulus is first detected, then ___ occurs

A

sensory adaptation

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22
Q

where light enters the eye

A

pupil

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23
Q

the coloured portion of the eye that controls how much light enters the eye

A

iris

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24
Q

changes curvature to retract light onto the back of the eye

A

lens

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25
Q

the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing receptor rods and cones, in addition to layers of other neurons that process visual information.

A

retina

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26
Q

part of the eye that contains transparent cells that focus light on the back of the eye

A

cornea

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27
Q

retinal cells that respond to particular wavelengths of light, allowing us to see colour

A

cones

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28
Q

retinal cells that are very sensitive to light but only register shades of gray

A

rods

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29
Q

part of the eye that exits the back of the eye and is composed of the axons of the ganglion cells

A

optic nerve

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30
Q

the part of the back of the eye where light does not go through

A

blind spot

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31
Q

the part of the eye that gives us the sharpest resolution of visual stimuli

A

fovea

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32
Q

says that colour vision is based on our sensitivity to three primary colours; consistent with 3 types of cones in the eyes

A

trichromatic theory (Young-Helmholz)

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33
Q

sees colour vision as a function of complementary, opposing colours: e.g. red vs. green, blue vs. yellow

A

opponent process theory

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34
Q

What are the different parts of the eye and what are their functions? (short answer question)

A
  1. pupil - where light enters
  2. iris - coloured portion that controls how much light enters
  3. lens - changes curvature to retract light onto back of eye
  4. retina - light sensitive inner surface of eye that contains rods and cones and other neurons that process visual information
  5. cornea - focuses light on the back of the eye
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35
Q

part of the inner ear that converts vibration into neural activity

A

cochlea

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36
Q

inside the eardrum, vibrates and transmits sound to the inner ear

A

ossicles (hammer, anvil, stirrup)

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37
Q

flexible outer flap of the ear, which channels sound waves into the ear canal

A

pinna

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38
Q

enables us to sense and maintain our balance as we move about

A

vestibular sense

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39
Q

helps us keep track of where we are and move efficiently

A

kinesthesis

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40
Q

As a child, you were playing in the yard one day when a neighbour’s cat wandered over. Your mother (who has a terrible fear of animals) screamed and snatched you into her arms. Her behaviour caused you to cry. You now have a fear of cats.

Identify the CS:

A

the cat

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41
Q

As a child, you were playing in the yard one day when a neighbour’s cat wandered over. Your mother (who has a terrible fear of animals) screamed and snatched you into her arms. Her behaviour caused you to cry. You now have a fear of cats.

Identify the US:

A

your mother’s behaviour

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42
Q

As a child, you were playing in the yard one day when a neighbour’s cat wandered over. Your mother (who has a terrible fear of animals) screamed and snatched you into her arms. Her behaviour caused you to cry. You now have a fear of cats.

Identify the CR:

A

your fear today

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43
Q

As a child, you were playing in the yard one day when a neighbour’s cat wandered over. Your mother (who has a terrible fear of animals) screamed and snatched you into her arms. Her behaviour caused you to cry. You now have a fear of cats.

Identify the UR:

A

your crying

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44
Q

Bill once had a blue car that was in the shop more than it was out. Since then he will not even consider owning blue or green-coloured cars. Bill’s aversion to green cars is an example of:

A

generalisation

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45
Q

Putting on your coat when it is cold outside is a behaviour that is maintained by:

A

negative reinforcement

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46
Q

Bill hates to clean up after dinner. One night, he volunteers to bathe the dog before cleaning up. When he finishes with the dog and returns to the kitchen, his wife has cleaned everything up for him. Which of the following statements is most likely true?

A

Bill’s wife has negatively reinforced him for bathing the dog.

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47
Q

Leon’s psychology instructor has scheduled an exam every third week of the term. Leon will probably study the most just before an exam and the least just after an exam. This is because the schedule of exams is reinforcing studying according to which schedule?

A

fixed-interval

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48
Q

Learning by imitating others’ behaviours is called ____ learning. The researcher best known for studying this type of learning is _____.

A

observational; Bandura

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49
Q

Lars, a shoe salesman, is paid every two weeks, whereas Tom receives a commission for each pair of shoes he sells. Evidently, Lars is paid on a ____ schedule of reinforcement, and Tom on a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

A

fixed-interval; fixed-ratio

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50
Q

conditioning involving stimuli

A

classical conditioning (part of short answer question)

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51
Q

What are the five primary components of classical conditioning and what are examples? (part of short answer question)

A
  1. neutral stimulus
  2. unconditioned stimulus (US) - ex. food, loud noise, light in eye, puff of air in eye
  3. unconditioned response (UR) - ex. salivation, startle, contraction of pupil, eye blink
  4. conditioned stimulus (CS) - ex. a tone
  5. conditioned response (CR) - ex. salivation in response to a tone
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52
Q

What are the classical conditioning steps? (part of short answer question)

A
  1. start with neutral stimulus (metronome)
  2. pair the NS with US again and again, which elicits an UR (meat powder and salivation)
  3. eventually the NS becomes a CS, eliciting a CR (metronome and salivation)
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53
Q

weakening and eventual disappearance of the CR as a result of repeated presentation of the CS without the US

A

extinction

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54
Q

reappearance of an extinguished CR when an organism is exposed to the CS following a rest period

A

spontaneous recovery

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55
Q

tendency to make a CR to a stimulus that is similar to the original CS

A

generalisation

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56
Q

learned ability to distinguish between similar stimuli so that the CR occurs only to the original CS but not to similar stimuli

A

discrimination

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57
Q

learning controlled by the consequences of the organism’s behaviour; the organism gets something because of its response

A

operant conditioning

58
Q

Comparison between classical and operant: target behaviour is–

A

CC: elicited automatically
OC: emitted voluntarily

59
Q

Comparison between classical and operant: reward is–

A

CC: provided unconditionally
OC: contingent on behaviour

60
Q

Comparison between classical and operant: behaviour depends primarily on–

A

CC: autonomic nervous system
OC: skeletal muscles

61
Q

consequence of a response determines whether the tendency to respond in the same way in the future is strengthened or weakened (i.e., organisms tend to repeat behaviours that bring about pleasant consequences)

A

law of effect

62
Q

contains a bar or key that an animal can press or manipulate in order to obtain food or water as a type of reinforcement–also has a device that recorded each response provided by the animal as well as the unique schedule of reinforcement that the animal was assigned

A

operant conditioning chamber (skinner box)

63
Q

operant conditioning relies on animal training using ___ by successive approximations

A

shaping

64
Q

outcomes that strengthen the probability of a response

A

reinforcement

65
Q

any outcome that weakens the probability of a response

A

punishment

66
Q

involves giving a stimulus which increases target behaviour

A

positive reinforcement

67
Q

involves taking away a stimulus which increases target behaviour

A

negative reinforcement

68
Q

involves giving a stimulus which decreases target behaviour

A

positive punishment

69
Q

involves taking away a stimulus which decreases target behaviour

A

negative punishment

70
Q

A reinforcer that fulfills a basic physical need and does not depend on learning

A

primary reinforcer

71
Q

schedules of reinforcement: after regular number of responses

A

fixed ratio

72
Q

schedules of reinforcement: after specific number of responses, on average

A

variable ratio

73
Q

schedules of reinforcement: after specific amount of time

A

fixed interval

74
Q

schedules of reinforcement: after an average time interval

A

variable interval

75
Q

refers to learning that is not directly observable–implies that reinforcement is not necessary for learning to occur

A

latent learning

76
Q

learning by watching others–don’t have to engage in trial and error to learn how to do something new

A

observational learning

77
Q

learning a new behaviour from a model through the acquisition of new responses

A

modeling effect (Bandura and Bobo doll)

78
Q

The three steps in memory information processing are:

A

encoding, storage, retrieval

79
Q

Memory techniques such as the method of loci, acronyms, and the peg-word system are called:

A

mnemonic devices

80
Q

One way to increase the amount of information in memory is to group it into larger, familiar units. This process is referred to as:

A

chunking

81
Q

After you finish reading this sentence, the information will remain in your ____ as you consider each of the answers below:

A

short-term memory

82
Q

According to the serial position effect, when recalling a list of words you should have the greatest difficulty with those:

A

in the middle

83
Q

Information is maintained in short-term memory only briefly unless it is:

A

rehearsed

84
Q

Memory for skills is called:

A

implicit memory

85
Q

Which of the following is NOT a measure of retention?

A

retrieval

86
Q

Which of the following sequences would be best to follow if you wanted to minimise interference-induced forgetting in order to improve your recall on the psychology midterm?

A

study, sleep, test

87
Q

very vivid, able to be recalled in detail much later

A

flashbulb memories

88
Q

getting information into memory

A

encoding

89
Q

keeping information in memory

A

storage

90
Q

the reactivation or reconstruction of information from memory

A

retrieval

91
Q

brief storage of perceptual information before it is passed into short-term memory

A

sensory memory

92
Q

memory system that retains information for limited durations

A

short-term memory

93
Q

relatively enduring store of information

A

long-term memory

94
Q

process to contain auditory, visual processing controlled by central executive, through episodic buffer

A

working memory

95
Q

repeating information in short-term memory, extends duration of it

A

rehearsal

96
Q

happens when learning new information hampers earlier learning

A

retroactive interference

97
Q

happens when earlier learning gets in the way of new learning

A

proactive interference

98
Q

extension of short-term memory by grouping

A

chunking

99
Q

the process of recalling information intentionally

A

explicit memory

100
Q

recalling information that we don’t remember deliberately

A

implicit memory

101
Q

our ability to identify a stimulus more easily or more quickly after we’ve encountered similar stimuli

A

priming

102
Q

a learning aid that enhances recall; while applicable to almost anything, they depend on existing knowledge store

A

mnemonics

103
Q

What are the different types of mnemonics and what are their functions? (short question answer)

A
  1. pegword method (uses rhyming)
  2. method of loci (place imagery)
  3. link method (involves forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them together)
104
Q

generating previously remembered information

A

recall

105
Q

selecting previously remembered information from an array of options

A

recognition

106
Q

how much more quickly we reacquire something learned before

A

relearning

107
Q

loss of memory or ability to make new memories

A

amnesia

108
Q

brain part that helps us recall the events themselves

A

hippocampus

109
Q

brain part that helps recall emotions associated with fearful events

A

amygdala

110
Q

misleading questions can lead to implanting false information. this is known as:

A

misinformation effect

111
Q

part of sensory memory that lasts only 1 second

A

visual encoding

112
Q

part of sensory memory that lasts about 5-10 seconds

A

acoustic encoding

113
Q

states that we learn material more effectively and easily when we study it several times spaced out over a longer time span, rather than trying to learn it in a short period of time.

A

spacing effect

114
Q

refers to the tendency to recall information that is presented first and last (like in a list) better than information presented in the middle.

A

serial position effect

115
Q

the formation of mental pictures

A

imagery

116
Q

a specific type of encoding in which the meaning of something (a word, phrase, picture, event, whatever) is encoded as opposed to the sound or vision of it.

A

semantic encoding

117
Q

a theory of memory that claims that human memory has three separate components: a sensory register,
a short-term store (also called working memory or short-term memory), and a long-term store, where information which has been rehearsed in the short-term store is held indefinitely.

A

Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory

118
Q

What are the three separate parts of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory and what are their functions?

A
  1. sensory memory - storage of perceptual information before it is passed into short-term memory
  2. short-term memory - system that retains information for limited durations
  3. long-term memory - enduring store of information
119
Q

having the strong sensation that an event or experience currently being experienced has been experienced in the past

A

déjà vu

120
Q

the involuntary, unconscious concealment of uncomfortable thoughts and desires

A

repression

121
Q

A mental grouping of similar things, events, or people is called:

A

concept

122
Q

Mental set and functional fixedness are two types of:

A

fixation

123
Q

Representativeness and availability are examples of:

A

heuristics

124
Q

Which of the following is NOT true of babbling?

A

it is imitation of adult speech

125
Q

Phonemes are the basic units of ____ in language.

A

sound

126
Q

any mental activity or processing of information

A

cognition

127
Q

mental catagories used to represent a class or group of objects, people, events, etc.

A

concepts

128
Q

a mental image or best example that helps us form concepts

A

prototype

129
Q

a set of instructions for solving a problem or completing a process

A

algorithm

130
Q

a rule of thumb derived from experience and used in decision making and problem solving, despite no guarantee of accuracy

A

heuristic

131
Q

What are the types of heuristics and what are their functions? (short question answer)

A
  1. availability heuristic - an event’s probability corresponds to the ease with which the event comes to mind (ex. overestimating the probability of rare events like winning the lottery)
  2. representativeness heuristic - decision based on how closely a new situation resembles a familiar one (ex. choosing a fast-food restaurant)
  3. recognition heuristic - decision making process stops as soon as a factor that moves one toward a decision has been recognised (ex. influences voting behaviour, such as recognising a candidate’s name as that of a woman)
132
Q

arbitrary system of communication that combines symbols, such as words or gestural signs, in rule-based ways to create meaning; helps us communicate information, as well as social and emotional functions

A

language

133
Q

What are the elements of language?

A
  1. phonemes
  2. morphemes
  3. syntax
  4. grammar
  5. semantics
134
Q

categories of sounds our vocal apparatus produces

A

phonemes

135
Q

the smallest units of meaning in a language

A

morphemes

136
Q

meaning derived from words and sentences

A

semantics

137
Q

the set of rules of a language by which we construct sentences

A

syntax

138
Q

stage that allows us to develop control over vocal tracts

A

babbling stage

139
Q

first stage of syntactic development

A

one-word stage

140
Q

stage in which two words are combined

A

two-word stage

141
Q

stage in which child speaks like a telegram

A

telegraphic speech

142
Q

a system of rules and principles for speaking and writing a language

A

grammar

General Psychology (4 decks)

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