test 3 Flashcards
which of the following perform photosynthesis?
cyanobacteria
because photosynthesis is an —- process, it requires energy. this energy is provided by sunlight.
endergonic
the pigments in plants that absorb sunlight are
chlorophylls
where are the light-absorbing pigments in plants located?
thylakoid membrane
which organelle in plants and algae contains the thylakoid membrane and stroma?
chloroplasts
which 2 colors of light are NOT well absorbed by photosynthetic pigments
yellow and green
what gas molecules does the water-splitting enzyme generate as a by-product during photosynthesis?
O2
during the light reactions of photosynthesis, ATP is generated indirectly, by a process called….
chemiosmosis
ATP synthases attach a —– to ADP to make ATP
Phosphate group
during the light reactions of photosynthesis, the flow of —— from high to low concentration provides ATP synthases enzymes with the energy needed to produce ATP.
H+
the Calvin cycle reactions consume —- and —– produced during the light reactions of photosynthesis in order to synthesize glucose.
CO2 and ATP
where do the Calvin cycle reactions take place?
chloroplast stroma
the first step of the Calvin-Benson cycle, whereby a carbon atom from CO2 is attached to RuBP by the enzyme Rubisco, is called…
carbon-fixation
how many CO2 molecules are needed to make 1glucose molecule during the Calvin-Benson cycle?
6
the glucose molecules made during the Calvin-Benson cycle are used to make
- sucrose
- starch
- cellulose
NADPH is produced during photosynthesis. NADH and FADH2 are produced during aerobic respiration. all 3 of these molecules each carry 2 high energy
electrons
electrons transport chains are involved in
photosynthesis and aerobic respiration
the universal energy currency is generated during cellular respiration is
ATP
Cellular respiration releases which gas into the air?
CO2
Aerobic respiration is 1 version of cellular respiration. unlike other versions of respiration, aerobic respiration requires which gas molecules?
O2
stages of cellular respiration in correct order
Glycolysis, predatory reaction, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation
where do the preparatory reaction and the citric acid cycle take place?
in the mitochondrial matrix
where does glycolysis take place?
in the cytoplasm
where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?
in the inner mitochondrial membrane
what stage of cellular respiration makes pyruvates, NADH, and ATP?
glycolysis
what stage of cellular respiration makes acetyl-CoA, NADH, and ATP?
preparatory reaction
what stage of cellular respiration involves an electron transport chain and produces ATP indirectly?
oxidative phosphorylation
what type of enzymes transfer phosphate groups from 1 molecule to a different molecule?
kinases
during cellular respiration, what happens to the oxygen (O2) we inhale?
electrons are added to it to make water
which molecule functions like a turbine, generating rotational energy that is used to produce ATP?
ATP synthase
which of the following organisms, used to make beer, wine, and bread, carry out ethanol fermentation?
yeast
the bacteria that are used to make yogurt, sour cream, cheese, and other foods carry out fermentation in which pyruvate is converted to what molecule?
lactic acid
under optimal conditions, bacteria like E. coli typically carry out cellular division about once every…
20 minutes
during 1 round of cellular reproduction , 1 parent cell divides into …
2 daughter cells
programmed cell death is also called
apoptosis
most eukaryotic cells, including most human cells, are diploid. this means they normally contain how many sets of chromosomes?
2
during the eukaryotic cell cycle, cells spend most of their time in —-, which consists of G1, S, and G2.
S
sister chromatids (identical copies of a chromosome) are temporarily held together by a …
centromere
what is the correct sequence of events during mitosis?
prophase, late prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
during which stage of mitosis do the chromosomes start to condense and the nuclear envelope break apart?
prophase
what are the names of the proteins that help the chromosomes condense?
histones
during which stage of mitosis do the sister chromatids line up along the center of the cell?
metaphase
during which stage of meiosis do the sister chromatids start moving towards opposite sides of the cell?
anaphase
during which stage of mitosis does the mitotic spindle disassemble and 2 nuclear envelopes reform?
telophase
the mitotic spindle moves chromosomes during mitosis. it is made up of centrosome and ——.
microtubules
the division of the cytoplasm is called —
cytokinesis
the cell cycle is tightly controlled; it can pause at —– if conditions are not normal.
checkpoints
tumor suppressor genes inhibit passage through the cell cycle and/or trigger apoptosis, what is an example of a tumor suppressor gene?
p53
