Test 2 Flashcards
all living things are composed of at least one —-
cell
what is the smallest cell or virus
a typical virus
a smaller size increases the —- to volume ratio of a cell
surface area
what is an example of a prokaryotic?
bacteria
prokaryotic cells do not contain
a nucleus
the semifluid enclosed by a cell’s plasma membrane is called the what?
cytoplasm
in a prokaryotic cell, the middle layer of the cell envelope is …
the cell wall
bacteria cells contain?
- a cytoplasm
- ribosomes
- cell wall
- chromosome
flagella are whip-like tails that some cells use for?
locomotion
the theory of endosymbiosis explains the origins of ..
mitochondria and chloroplasts
the largest organelle in a eukaryotic cell is usually the …
nucleus
ribosomes are present …
in all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
the interior of any tubular organ or organelle is called the …
lumen
in a eukaryotic cell, transcription occurs in the — and translation occurs at the —.
nucleus , ribosomes
what does rough ER have attached to its outer surface?
ribosomes
in order to more easily receive transport vesicles, the Cis side of the golgi body directly faces the …
endoplasmic reticulum
the release of molecules ( like hormones or digestive enzymes) to the outside of a cell is called
secretion
a typical plant cell contains …
- ribosomes
- mitochondria
- a central vacuole
- chloroplasts
the thylakoid and stroma are located in which organelle
endoplasmic reticulum
which component of the cytoskeleton provides tracks for the movement of vesicles and other organelles?
microtubules
the basic structure of all cell membranes is a
phospholipid bilayer
cell membranes are fluid. this means they are —-.
flexible
which type of membrane proteins interact with signal molecules on the outside of the cell?
receptor
the passive movement of molecules or ions from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration is called ?
diffusion
the passive movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane is called?
osmosis
O2 and CO2 are small and hydrophobic, therefore ….
they may diffuse directly through cell membranes very quickly
ions are very hydrophilic and are therefore unable to diffuse directly across a cell membrane. what is an example of ions?
N+ , H+ , K+ , and CL-
glucose is relatively large and polar, therefore ….
it may pass through a cell membrane only with the help of a transporter
tonicity is a measure of the relative total —– concentrations of 2 solutions separated by a selectively permeable membrane.
salt
when a red blood cell is placed in an isotonic solution such as 0.9% saline,
nothing happens
when a red blood cell is placed in a hypertonic solution such as pure water,
the cell will swell as it gains water and probably explodes
the intake of large molecules, particles, or whole cells by other cells is called ?
phagocytosis
energy occurs in 2 forms: —– energy is the energy of motion, while —— energy is stored energy.
kinetic and potential
converting energy from one form to another is never 100% efficient. some energy is always lost as —–.
heat
catabolic pathways like cellular respiration are always ….
degradative and exergonic
Endergonic means that ….
energy is consumed
consider the following pathway: A+B to C to D+E. molecule D represents what
a product
consider the following pathway: A+B to C to D+E. molecule A is what
a reactant
each and every step of a metabolic pathway is catalyzed by a different
enzyme
the universal energy currency is called …..
ATP
reduction is the
gain of electrons
enzymes are …
- reusable
- reversible
- very fast
- very specific
how do enzymes speed up metabolic reactions?
enzymes reduce the activation energy required to start a reaction
how many phosphate groups does ATP contain?
3
the hydrolysis of ATP is …
exergonic and catabolic
H+ is equivalent to a
proton
NADPH, NADH, and FADH2 are carries of …
electrons
most enzymes are …
proteins
which gas is produced during photosynthesis
O2
which gas is consumed during cellular respiration?
O2
