Test 3

Question 1

What is a Dicoecious Species?

Answer 1

Have separate male and female individuals, which eliminates the possibility of self-fertilization

Question 2

Male part of Dicoecious Species?

Answer 2

Staminate flowers

Question 3

Female part of Dicoecious Species?

Answer 3

Carpellate

Question 4

What are Angiosperms?

Answer 4

Flowering plants that produce seeds within fruits

Question 5

Examples of Angiosperms?

Answer 5

Wheat, rice, corn, potatoes, cassava, sweet potatoes

Question 6

What are the 2 Major Classes of Angiosperms?

Answer 6

Monocots and Dicots

Question 7

What are Monocots?

Answer 7

o mostly herbaceous, long, narrow leaves
o Parallel veination
o Flower parts occur in threes
o Single cotyledon
o Endosperm present
o Vascular bundles scattered

Question 8

What are Dicots?

Answer 8

o Herbaceous or woody
o Leaves variable in shape
o Netted veination
o Flower part in 4 or 5
o 2 cotyledons
o Endosperm usually absent
o Vascular bundles in a circle

Question 9

What is Open Growth?

Answer 9

Growth can vary in different ways in most plants

Question 10

What is Closed Growth?

Answer 10

Growth is the same/uniform, in mammals, birds, etc

Question 11

Types of Growth?

Answer 11

Primary & Secondary Growth

Question 12

Where does Primary Growth Occur?

Answer 12

Apical Meristem

Question 13

Where does Secondary Growth Occur?

Answer 13

Lateral Meristem/Vascular Cambium

Question 14

What are Parts of a Terminal Bud?

Answer 14

• Rudimentary Leaf
• Shoot Apical Meristem
• Bud Primordium

Question 15

What are the Parts of a Stem Tip and Primary Meristem?

Answer 15

• Protoderm
• Ground Meristem
• Procambium

Question 16

What is a Xylem?

Answer 16

• Only works when it is dead
• Hollows itself out to make a tube
• Must be continuous from roots to the shoot
• Moves water through plant

Question 17

What is Transpiraton

Answer 17

Evaporation from the leaves creates negative pressure or tension which pulls water up from the roots

Question 18

Stages of Casparian Strip?

Answer 18

Root Hair -> Plasma Membrane -> Epidermis -> Cortex -> Endodermis -> Vascular Cylinder -> Vessels (Xylem)

Question 19

What Makes Up a Leaf Cross Section?

Answer 19

• Upper Epidermis (Top)
• Mesophyll (Middle) (Palisade & Spongy)
• Lower Epidermis (Bottom)

Question 20

The Rate of Transpiration is Controlled by What?

Answer 20

Stomata

Question 21

What Does the Stomata Include?

Answer 21

o Stoma
o Guard Cells
o Epidermal Cell
o Nucleus
o Chloroplasts
o Thickened inner wall
o Cell Wall
o Vacuole

Question 22

What is Translocation?

Answer 22

Sugars are transported from sources to sinks via the phloem

Question 23

What are the Parts of Phloem?

Answer 23

o Sieve-tube member
o Nucleus
o Companion cell
o Sieve plate

Question 24

What is Phloem?

Answer 24

Living tissue in vascular plants that transports the soluble organic compounds made during photosynthesis

Question 25

What is Phototropism?

Answer 25

How plants bend. 1. detection of light 2. redistribution of auxin 3. cell elongation 4. bending towards the light ex:sunflowers

Question 26

What Plant Hormone Allow for Elongation Towards the Direction of Sunlight?

Answer 26

Auxin

Question 27

Why is self fertilization not desirable and how do plants prevent this from occurring? Make sure you provide examples with your answer.

Answer 27

For the sake of gene diversity. ex: monocots and dicots have different plants with specific reproductive parts, male or female, to prevent self fertilization.

Question 28

Farmers and gardeners often apply Fertilizer to improve plant growth. What are the three major components of such fertilizers? Explain which of these components are needed to produce each of the major biological molecules produced by plants?

Answer 28

1. Nitrogen- formation of proteins, nucleic acids, chlorophyll 2. Phosphorus- creation of nucleic acids, phospholipids, ATP 3. Potassium- supports enzyme activation and osmotic regulation

Question 29

Describe and explain the distribution of stomata on Angiosperm leaves. Explain how stomata are opened and closed by the plant.

Answer 29

Distribution is abundant on the lower epidermis of the leaf to reduce water loss from direct sunlight and wind. Opening and closing are operated by guard cells. To open, light activation, ion uptake, osmotic water movement, turgor pressure occurs. To close, darkness of water stress, water loss, and flaccidity occurs.

Question 30

Mosses (bryophytes) have not achieved the widespread terrestrial success of angiosperms. Discuss how the anatomy and reproductive strategies of mosses limit their distribution.

Answer 30

These factors include their reliance on water for reproduction, lack of vascular tissue, and limited structural adaptations.

Question 31

Explain alternation of generations in angiosperms vs mosses.

Answer 31

In mosses, the gametophyte dominates, and reproduction is water-dependent, limiting their ecological range. In contrast, angiosperms are sporophyte-dominant, with reduced gametophytes and advanced reproductive strategies (e.g., seeds, flowers, pollinators) that enable widespread terrestrial success.

Question 32

Reproduction can be either asexual or sexual. Using specific examples describe how animals can reproduce asexually. Explain two evolutionary advantages of asexual reproduction. Also explain why sexual reproduction is advantageous and describe 2 prezygotic isolating mechanisms that prevent animals from interbreeding.

Answer 32

Asexual reproduction is efficient and rapid, ideal for stable environments, but it lacks genetic diversity. Sexual reproduction provides the genetic variability necessary for adaptation and long-term survival, although it requires more energy and effort. Prezygotic isolating mechanisms like temporal and behavioral isolation maintain species boundaries and prevent hybridization in animals.

Question 33

Explain why after death your muscles are initially flexible but then go stiff.

Answer 33

1. ATP is still present in the cells 2. ATP depletion 3. Calcium accumulation 4. Cross-bridge locking

Question 34

Which Skeletal system is the most advantageous in the following 2 ecosystems? Provide reasons for your choice and details of why the skeletal system is effective. a. Desert environments b. Aquatic environments.

Answer 34

a. exoskeleton - water retention - UV protection - Structural support in sandy terrain b. endoskeleton - buoyancy support - flexibility for swimming - lightweight adaptations