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General Biology 2 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an allele?

A

Different versions of the same genes in the same location on homologous chromosomes

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2
Q

What is a gene?

A

Made up of DNA with a “recipe”

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3
Q

What is a genotype?

A

Allele type specifically present

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4
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

Physical expression of genotype

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5
Q

what is a gene pool?

A

All different types of alleles that can be passed on

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6
Q

What is important in making homologous chromosomes in prophase?

A

Crossing over

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7
Q

What is a genomic species?

A

Group of individuals with the same genome

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8
Q

What is a biological species?

A

Group of individuals that can breed together and have viable offspring

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9
Q

What is the unifying concept in every part of biology?

A

Evolution

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10
Q

What is evolution?

A

Change in the DNA of a group of individuals that results in increased reproductive success

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11
Q

What has to lead to reproductive success?

A

Adaptations

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12
Q

What are the 3 parts of evolution?

A
  1. Genetic change in a species of a specific area
  2. How many of your alleles can change the population
  3. Level of reproductive success
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13
Q

What is artificial selection?

A

When humans make a deliberate decision to change a species

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14
Q

What is natural selection?

A

Individuals with alleles that enhance their fitness and genetic selection are more likely to pass those alleles on to their offspring

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15
Q

What is the main mechanism of evolution?

A

Natural Selection

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16
Q

What are the 3 tenants of natural selection?

A
  1. Variations within a species are inheritable
  2. Competition for resources from larger population of offspring an environment can support
  3. Whatever make you the better competitor must also increase your fitness, and must be passed on genetically to your offspring.
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17
Q

What is microevolution?

A

Small/minor changes within a species

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18
Q

What is reproductive isolated mechanism (RIM)?

A

What stops an organism from breeding

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19
Q

What is macroevolution?

A

Results in the development of completely new species

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20
Q

What is allopatric speciation?

A

Occurs in geographically separate populations

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21
Q

What is sympatric speciation?

A

Occurs without geographical separation, instead of speciation results from reproductive isolation

22
Q

What is punctuated equilibrium?

A

Species that remain relatively stable for extended periods and then progresses rapidly

23
Q

What does q^2 mean?

A

% of homozygous recessive individuals

24
Q

What does q mean?

A

Frequency of the recessive allele in the population

25
Q

What does p^2 mean?

A

% of homozygous dominant individuals

26
Q

What does p mean?

A

Frequency of the dominant allele in the population

27
Q

What does 2pq mean?

A

% of heterozygous individuals

28
Q

How to find q^2?

A

Recessives/total population

29
Q

How to find q?

A

Square root q^2

30
Q

How to find p?

A

1-q

31
Q

How to find p^2?

A

p^2 * p^2

32
Q

How to find 2pq?

A

2(p * q)

33
Q

What is speciation?

A

Evolution of a new species

34
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

The change in frequency of an existing gene variant in the population due to random chance

35
Q

What is stabilizing selection?

A

A type of natural selection that favors average or intermediate phenotypes over extreme phenotypes

36
Q

What is directional selection?

A

The change in a phenotype or genotype of a population in one direction away from the mean (average) in a particular environment over time

37
Q

What is disruptive selection?

A

Individuals with extreme traits for a characteristic are more fit than those with intermediate traits

38
Q

What is tissue?

A

Group of cells with a common structure and function

39
Q

What are the basic tissues?

A

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous

40
Q

What is an organ?

A

Made up of two or more types of tissues that together perform a specific task

41
Q

What is an organ system?

A

Consists of multiple organs that together perform one or more vital body functions

42
Q

What is an organism?

A

An individual living thing, consisting of one or more cells

43
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Idea that organisms keep their internal environment the same

44
Q

What is a receptor?

A

Recognizes change (ex: skin sensing temperature)

45
Q

What is an integrator?

A

Organ of decision (ex: hypothalamus region in the brain)

46
Q

What is an effector?

A

Physically fixes the issue (ex: glands, blood vessels, muscles, etc)

47
Q

What is interstitial fluid?

A

Connector between communication with blood and cells. Meant to maintain homeostasis in cells. AKA plasma outside of blood vessels.

48
Q

What is negative feedback control?

A

Counteracts idea/actions and is how evolution can occur

49
Q

What is positive feedback control?

A

Promotes changes, makes things happen faster and/or stronger

50
Q

What is an example of the use of Oxytocin?

A

Child birth. Oxytocin causes contractions to happen.

General Biology 2 (4 decks)

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