Final Exam

Question 1

What is the integumentary system known as in humans?

Answer 1

Skin

Question 2

What are the layers of skin?

Answer 2

o Epidermis
o Dermis
o Hypodermis
o Oil gland
o Hair follicle
o Sweat gland

Question 3

What is a hydrostatic skeleton?

Answer 3

Type of exoskeleton whose structure is maintained by the pressure of a fluid within the skeleton

Question 4

How is a hydrostatic skeleton maintained?

Answer 4

Muscular contractions

Question 5

What are limitations of hydrostatic skeletons?

Answer 5

Limited to areas where it is water dense or moist

Question 6

What is an exoskeleton?

Answer 6

Skeleton on the outside of the body

Question 7

What does an exoskeleton do?

Answer 7

Waterproof, outer protection, stability

Question 8

What are the limitations of exoskeleton?

Answer 8

Don’t grow with animal, shedding of skeleton to make a new one for growth

Question 9

What is an exoskeleton made out of?

Answer 9

Made of Chitin (type of starch/polysaccharides)

Question 10

What is an endoskeleton?

Answer 10

Skeleton on the inside of the body

Question 11

What is an endoskeleton made out of?

Answer 11

Made of cartilage and bone

Question 12

What are limitations of endoskeleton?

Answer 12

o Can’t live everywhere due to inability to be waterproof
o Have to have an integumentary system separate from skeleton

Question 13

What are positives about endoskeletons?

Answer 13

o Fine motor skills
o Causes much less ATP
o Protection for some organs

Question 14

What are parts of an endoskeleton?

Answer 14

• Axial Skeleton (midline of the body)
• Appendicular Skeleton (Limbs)

Question 15

What are parts of a bone in endoskeleton?

Answer 15

• Compact bone (Provides Strength)
• Spongy bone (Provides support near joints)
• Bone marrow (Produces blood cells)

Question 16

What is the haversian system?

Answer 16

Cells within compact bone tissue

Question 17

Where do fish get their circulation?

Answer 17

Gills

Question 18

What happens when there is low blood pressure?

Answer 18

Slower delivery of oxygen

Question 19

Do fish use isotonic or isometric movements?

Answer 19

Isometric due to being held up by the water

Question 20

What two chambers of the heart does fish have?

Answer 20

Atrium & Ventricle

Question 21

What is the atrium?

Answer 21

Entrance and where blood flows into the heart

Question 22

What is the ventricle?

Answer 22

V-shape and sends bloof around the body by pumping

Question 23

What three chambers of the heart do amphibians have?

Answer 23

2 Atriums & Double pump system

Question 24

What is the capillary?

Answer 24

Single-cell thick, exchange of materials happens here

Question 25

What is insititial fluid?

Answer 25

Plasma from capillary

Question 26

What makes up blood?

Answer 26

o Red blood cells (Carry oxygen, hemoglobin red) (last 160 days) o White blood cells (fight infection, kill) (last for years) o Platelets (blood clotting)

Question 27

What is red bone marrow?

Answer 27

o Found in spongy bone. o Makes red blood cells. o Makes more red blood cells since it was last for less amount of time.

Question 28

What is stem cells?

Answer 28

o Found in blood o Needs to be able to replicate and differentiate o Replication done in mitosis o Can be done until you are dead o When the telomere of a chromosome is gone, no more mitosis. o Have lots of tem until you are old

Question 29

What is an open circulatory system?

Answer 29

Blood is not fully contained within vessels, flows through open spaces called sinuses, organs covered in a fluid called hemolymph

Question 30

Where can you find an open circulatory system?

Answer 30

Found in crabs, insects, spiders, centipedes, slugs, clams, etc

Question 31

What happens when there is high blood pressure?

Answer 31

Fast delivery of oxygen o Lots of ATP

Question 32

What is an artery?

Answer 32

Blood away from heart, thick elastic, muscle filled wall

Question 33

What is a vein?

Answer 33

Blood to the heart. Pressure disappears. Thin, floppy, lightly muscled wall

Question 34

What is diffusion?

Answer 34

- Gases moving from high to low concentration - Greater the distance in concentration  faster the diffusion

Question 35

What causes CO2 to come out and O2 to come in?

Answer 35

Diffusion

Question 36

What do you have to have for a good respiratory surface?

Answer 36

Big surface area

Question 37

What is gastrulation?

Answer 37

- Sphere of cells is a blastula - Some cells move inward during gastrulation - Produces a three-layer embryo

Question 38

What is the flap that separates the trachea from the digestive system?

Answer 38

Epiglottis

Question 39

What does q^2 mean?

Answer 39

% of homozygous recessive individuals

Question 40

What does q mean?

Answer 40

Frequency of the recessive allele in the population

Question 41

What does p^2 mean?

Answer 41

% of homozygous dominant individuals

Question 42

What does p mean?

Answer 42

Frequency of the dominant allele in the population

Question 43

What does 2pq mean?

Answer 43

% of heterozygous individuals

Question 44

How to find q^2

Answer 44

Recessive/total population

Question 45

How to find q?

Answer 45

Square root q^2

Question 46

How to find p

Answer 46

1-q

Question 47

How to find p^2

Answer 47

p*p

Question 48

How to find 2pq?

Answer 48

2(p*q)

Question 49

What is the equation for mark recapture method

Answer 49

MC/R

Question 50

What is the equation for modified mark recapture method?

Answer 50

(M+1)(C+1)/(R+1)