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General Biology 2 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is ecology?

A

Scientific study of the interactions between organisms and the living and nonliving components of their environment

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2
Q

What does ecology determine?

A

Determines the distribution of organisms and their abundance

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3
Q

What are the types of ecology?

A
  • Organismal
  • Population
  • Community
  • Ecosystem
  • Landscape
  • Global
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4
Q

What is organismal ecology?

A

How an organism’s structure, physiology, and behavior meet environmental challenges

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5
Q

What is population ecology?

A

A population is a group of individuals of the same species living in an area. Focuses on factors affecting population over time

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6
Q

What is community ecology?

A

Examines the effect of interspecific interaction on community structure and organization. A community is a group of populations of different species in an area

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7
Q

What is ecosystem ecology?

A

Emphasizes energy flow and chemical cycling between organisms and the environment. An ecosystem is the community of organisms in an area and the physical factors with which they interact

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8
Q

What is landscape ecology?

A

Focuses on the exchanges of energy, materials, and organisms across multiple ecosystems. A landscape is a mosaic of connected ecosystems

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9
Q

What is global ecology?

A

Examines the influence of energy and materials on organisms across the biosphere. The biosphere is the global ecosystem, the sum of all the planets ecosystems and landscapes

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10
Q

What are biotic factors?

A

o Predation
o Herbivory
o Competitor
o Mutualism
o Parasitism

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11
Q

What are abiotic factors?

A

o Temperature
o Water
o Oxygen
o Salinity
o Sunlight
o Soil

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12
Q

What does temperature have to do with ecology?

A
  • Effects biological processes
  • Energy is expended to regulate internal temperature
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13
Q

What is a regulator?

A

Body temperature regulates and stays the same

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14
Q

What is a conformer?

A

Body temperature changes due to changes

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15
Q

What is an endotherm?

A

An animal dependent on or capable of the internal generation of heat. Ex: Walrus

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16
Q

What is an ectotherm?

A

An animal dependent on external sources of body heat. Ex: Lizard

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17
Q

What are range shifts?

A

A response to climate change can dramatically affect the distribution of species

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18
Q

What is eutrophic?

A

Body of water rich in nutrients and contains a dense plant population, the decomposition of which kills animals’ life by depriving it of oxygen

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19
Q

What is salinity?

A

Salt concentration affects the water balance of organisms through osmosis

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20
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Water always goes to the side with the most salt. (low to high concentration)

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21
Q

What can affect photsynthesis?

A

Light intensity and quality

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22
Q

What characteristics can influence the limit of oxygen available?

A

o Physical structure
o pH
o Mineral Composition

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23
Q

What is natural range expansion?

A

Shows the influence of dispersal on distribution

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24
Q

What is density?

A

The number of individuals per unit area or volume

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25
Q

What is dispersion?

A

The pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the population

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26
Q

What are types of dispersion?

A
  • Random
  • Clumped
  • Uniform
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27
Q

What is random dispersion?

A

Individuals are spaced at unpredictable distances from each other, with no apparent pattern or attraction/repulsion between them. Ex: Dandelions only due to wind.

28
Q

What is clumped dispersion?

A

Influenced by resource availability, mating behavior, group defense against predators. Ex: Elephants.

29
Q

What is uniform dispersion?

A

This pattern arises when individuals actively space themselves out, usually due to competition for resources or territorial behavior. Ex: Penguins.

30
Q

What is the mark-recapture method?

A

A sample technique that can be used to estimate densities and total population sizes

31
Q

What are the equations for mark-recapture method?

A

Simple Equation: CM/R
Modified Equation: (C+1) (M+1)/(R+1)

32
Q

What does births and immigration do?

A

Add individuals to a population

33
Q

What does deaths and emigration do?

A

Remove individuals from a population

34
Q

What is demography?

A

Is the study of these vital statistics of a population and how they change over time

35
Q

What is a life table?

A

Age-specific summary of the survival and reproductive rates within a population

36
Q

What is a cohort?

A

A group individuals of the same age

37
Q

What is a survivorship curve?

A
  • is a graphic way of representing the data in a life table
  • Tracks the amount of death until it reaches 0

Type 1 has high probability of surviving adulthood and beyond and die when old. Ex: Humans, elephants

Type 2 has an equal chance of survival at each age interval. Ex: Birds and lizard

Type 3 has a very high mortality rate, but a low death rate for those who survive into middle and old age. Ex: Marine invertebrates

38
Q

What equation calculates the change in population size?

A

Change in population size = (births + immigrants entering population) – (deaths – emigrants leaving population)]

39
Q

What is exponential growth?

A
  • The accelerating increase that occurs when growth is unlimited.

Equation: G = rN describes
G= the population growth rate
N= the population size
r= the per capita rate of increase

40
Q

What is the logistic growth model?

A
  • Represents the slowing of population growth as a result of limiting factors and the leveling off

Equation: G = rN (K − N)/K
K = carrying capacity
(K − N)/K accounts for the leveling off of the curve.

41
Q

What is density-independent mean?

A

Populations, birth rate and death rate do not change with population density

42
Q

What does density-dependent mean?

A

Populations, birth rates fall and death rates increase with rising population density

43
Q

What is life history?

A
  • Age at first reproduction (maturity)
  • How often reproduction occurs
  • # of offspring per reproductive episode
44
Q

What does selective pressures do?

A

Influence trade-offs between the number and size of offspring.

45
Q

What is k-selection?

A
  • Few kids but large in size.
  • Selection for life history traits that are advantageous at high population densities.
46
Q

What is r-selection?

A
  • Numerous kids but small in size.
  • Selection for life history traits that maximize reproductive success at low density.
47
Q

What does niche mean?

A

The set of conditions and resources a species needs to sustain a population.

48
Q

What does interspecific competition mean?

A

Two different species in a community interact through competition, symbiosis, or predation.

49
Q

What is the principle of competitive exclusion?

A

Two species cannot coexist indefinitely in the same niche.

50
Q

What is a fundamental niche?

A

Present with a specific species when alone (resources capable of using)

51
Q

What is a realized niche?

A

Present with a specific species when together (resources actually used)

52
Q

What is resource partitioning?

A

Competing species can coexist if they use the same resource in a slightly different way or at a different time

53
Q

What is symbiosis?

A

One species living with, in or on another

54
Q

What is mutualism?

A

Both species benefit

55
Q

What is commensalism?

A

One species benefits with no apparent effect on the other

56
Q

What is parasitism?

A

One species benefits & the other is harmed

57
Q

What is parasitoidism?

A

One species benefits & the other dies as a result

58
Q

What is predation?

A

One species (predator) kills another (prey) for food

59
Q

What is ecological succession?

A

Change in the species composition of a community over time

60
Q

What is primary succession?

A

Occurs in an area where no community previously existed

61
Q

What is secondary succession?

A

Occurs in an area where a community is disturbed but not decimated

62
Q

What is species diversity?

A

The variety of organisms that make up the community

63
Q

What is a ecosystem?

A

All the biotic (living) and abiotic (nonliving) components in a defined area.

64
Q

What are two components of species diversity?

A

o Species richness
o Relative abundance

65
Q

What is biogeochemcial cycles?

A

The biological & geological processes that recycle chemicals vital to life

66
Q

What is evolution?

A

Change in the DNA of a group of individuals that results in increased reproductive success

General Biology 2 (4 decks)

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