Test 3 Flashcards
1
Q
persistently harmful
thoughts, feelings and actions
A
Psychological disorder
2
Q
Mental Health Workers view psychological
disorders as a
A
pattern of behavioral and
psychological symptoms that cause significant
personal distress, impairs the ability to function
in one or more important areas of life, or both
3
Q
Ultimately, to meet the criteria of a disorder,
one’s behavior is
A
deviant, distressful, and
dysfunctional, and ultimately can impair one’s
ability to function.
4
Q
out of the norm
A
Deviant
5
Q
causes discomfort for the individual
A
Distressful
6
Q
is maladaptive (unhealthy)
A
Dysfunctional
7
Q
approximately _____________ American adults have experienced the
symptoms of a psychological disorder during the
previous year.
A
1 out of 4
(26%)
8
Q
Reason most do not seek mental health
treatment
A
-lack of insurance
-low income
-live in developing countries or rural areas of
developed countries where facilities are not
available
-lack of awareness
-fear of being stigmatized
9
Q
Most people manage to weather psychological
symptoms without becoming debilitated and
needing professional intervention. Reason:
A
mild/moderate symptoms diminish
with the passage of time and improvements of
the person’s overall situation.
10
Q
DSM
A
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders
11
Q
orders and describes symptoms
A
Classification
12
Q
-describes more than 260 specific psychological
disorders.
-provides codes for each disorder.
-provides symptoms, frequency, typical course
and risk factors for each disorder.
-describes the specific criteria that must be met
for diagnoses.
A
DSM-5 tr
13
Q
Ultimately the DSM provides
A
a common language to diagnose and label mental disorders and comprehensive guidelines for diagnosing them.
14
Q
According to the course text, the DSM
has been criticized for using
A
arbitrary cutoffs to draw the line between people with and without a particular disorder.
15
Q
an unpleasant emotional state
characterized by physical arousal and feelings
of tension, apprehension, and worry.
A
Anxiety
16
Q
extreme anxiety is the main
diagnostic feature and causes significant
disruptions in the person’s cognitive,
behavioral, or interpersonal functioning.
A
Anxiety disorders
17
Q
Normal anxiety is reasonable and
infrequent as opposed to
A
pathological
anxiety which is irrational and
persistent.
18
Q
a person is unexplainably and continually in a state of tension, apprehension, and autonomic nervous system arousal. Anxiety can be attributed to a variety of factors.
A
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
19
Q
heart
palpitations, shortness of breath, dizziness,
sweaty palms, feeling edgy and shaking
A
Physiological symptoms of anxiety
20
Q
an anxiety disorder where the
anxiety suddenly and frequently escalates into a
terrifying panic attack
A
Panic Disorder
21
Q
a sudden episode of extreme
anxiety that rapidly escalates in intensity.
A
Panic attack
22
Q
are often hypersensitive
to the signs of physical arousal
A
People with panic disorder
23
Q
Triple vulnerabilities model of panic disorder
includes
A
-a biological predisposition toward anxiety
-a low sense of control over potentially life-
threatening events
-an oversensitivity to physical sensations
24
Q
extreme fear of
experiencing a panic attack or other
embarrassing or incapacitating
symptoms in a public situation and
avoidance of situations in which
escape might be difficult or help
unavailable.
A
Agoraphobia
25
a type of somatic symptom
disorder which involves a pattern in which
symptoms or deficits affecting sensory or
voluntary motor functions lead one to think that
a patent has a medical or neurological condition.
(partial paralysis, blindness, deafness, etc.) Does
not intentionally produce or fake symptoms and
can respond to treatment.
Conversion disorder
26
a persistent and irrational fear of a
specific object, situation, or activity
Phobias
27
an excessive,
intense and irrational fear of a specific object,
situation, or activity that is actively avoided or
endured with marked anxiety.
Specific phobia (simple phobia):
28
% of general population at some point will suffer
from a phobia
13% and twice as many women as men
29
Five Categories of Specific Phobia
-Fear of situations (flying, driving, tunnels,
bridges, elevators, crowds, enclosed places)
-Fear of features of the natural environment
(heights, water, thunderstorms, or lightening)
-Fear of injury or blood (injections, needles,
medical or dental procedures)
-Fear of animals and insects (snakes, spiders,
dogs, cats)
-Other (vomiting, choking, clowns)
30
extreme and irrational fear of being
embarrassed, judged or scrutinized by
others in social situations
Social Anxiety Disorder (social phobia):
31
disorder in the category of obsessive
compulsive and related disorders,
characterized by intrusive, repetitive, and
unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and/or
repetitive behaviors or mental acts that an
individual feels driven to perform
(compulsions).
Ultimately believe will prevent something bad from
happening
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
(OCD)
32
Most common types of compulsive rituals
Washing
Checking
Symmetry and precision (Ordering/arranging)
Counting
33
Most common types of Obsessions
Contamination
Pathological doubt
Violent or sexual thoughts
34
anxiety disorder characterized by exposure
to a highly traumatic event which results in
recurrent, involuntary and intrusive
memories of the event, avoidance of
stimuli and situations associated with the
event, negative changes in thoughts,
moods and emotions, and a persistent
state of heightened physical arousal.
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
35
Some people are more vulnerable to PTSD
because
-vulnerability to PTSD can be inherited
-personal or family history of psychological
disorders are more likely to develop PTSD
when exposed to an extreme trauma
-magnitude of the trauma
-multiple traumas
36
experiencing or witnessing
severely threatening, uncontrollable events with
fear, helplessness or horror. Can produce PTSD
Traumatic event
37
the reaction from
traumatic stress from 3 days after the event that
can last for up to 4 weeks
Acute Stress Disorder
38
a break or disruption in
consciousness during which awareness, memory
and personal identity become separated or
divided.
Dissociative experience
39
a category of
psychological disorders in which extreme and
frequent disruptions of awareness, memory, and
personal identity impair the ability to function.
Dissociative Disorders
40
Two categories of dissociative disorders
1. Dissociative amnesia (can occur with or
without dissociative fugue)
2. Dissociative identity disorder
41
dissociative disorder
involving the partial or total inability to recall
important personal information. Response to stress,
trauma, or an extremely distressing situation
Dissociative Amnesia
42
type of dissociative
amnesia involving sudden and unexpected travel
away from home, extensive amnesia, and identity
confusion. Stress related though unclear why and how this
happens. When “awakened” person remembers
the past but not the fugue state
Dissociative fugue (fyoog)
43
(multiple
personality disorder) involves extensive memory
disruptions along with the presence of two or
more distinct identities or “personalities. ” Considered to result from efforts of traumatized
victims to detach themselves from the
experience of severe and prolonged abuse
Dissociative identity disorder (DID)
44
DID is usually associated with other
psychological disorders including major
depressive disorder, anxiety, PTSD.
45
maladaptive
patterns of thoughts, emotions, and
interpersonal functioning that are
stable over time and across situations,
and that deviate from the expectations
of the individual’s culture.
Personality Disorders
46
Cluster A: Odd, Eccentric Cluster of Personality
Disorders:
Paranoid Personality Disorder, Schizoid Personality Disorder, Schizotypal Personality Disorder
47
exhibits pervasive mistrust
and suspiciousness of others. See others as out to get them
or as a threat.
Paranoid Personality Disorder
48
pervasive detachment from
social relationships, emotionally cold and flat, indifferent to
praise or criticism from others, preference for solitary
activities, lacking close friends, emotionless disengagement
Schizoid Personality Disorder
49
odd thoughts, speech,
emotional reactions, mannerisms, and appearance,
impaired social and interpersonal functioning
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
49
Cluster B: Dramatic, Emotional, Erratic Cluster: Disorders:
Antisocial Personality Disorder, Borderline Personality Disorder, Histrionic PD, Narcissistic PD
50
shallow, attention-getting emotions
and goes to great lengths to gain others’ praise and
reassurance.
Histrionic PD
51
exaggerate their own importance,
have lots of success fantasies, can’t accept criticism,
often responds with rage or shame
Narcissistic PD
52
personality disorder
characterized by instability of interpersonal
relationships, self-image and emotions, and
marked impulsivity.
Views the world in black and white. Poor
impulse control, self-defeating behavior
including self harm, irrational emotions
Borderline PD
53
the view
that bpd is the outcome of a unique combination of
biological, psychological, and environmental factors.
Some children are born with a biological
temperament that is characterized by extreme
emotional sensitivity, impulsivity, and more
negative emotions. More vulnerable to BPD esp.
when caregivers do not teach proper tools when
childrearing.
Biosocial Developmental Theory of BPD
54
most troubling
personality disorder, exhibits a lack of
conscience for wrongdoing, aggressive, ruthless,
clever con artists. Pervasive pattern of
disregarding and violating the rights of others.
Does not experience guilt or remorse.
Typically seen in childhood and adolescence
Antisocial Personality Disorder
55
Cluster C: Anxious, Fearful Cluster
Disorders:
Avoidant Personality Disorder, Dependent Personality Disorder, Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
56
fearful sensitivity to
rejection.
Avoidant Personality Disorder
57
excessive need to
be taken care of, submissive, clinging, fear of
separation, inability to assume responsibility
Dependent Personality Disorder
58
rigid
preoccupation with orderliness, personal control,
rules or schedules, that interferes with completing
tasks, unreasonable perfectionism
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
59
psychological disorders
characterized by emotional extremes that come
in two forms resulting in disturbed emotions
which cause psychological distress and impair
daily functioning
Mood disorders
60
2 types of mood disorders
1. Major Depressive Disorder
2. Bipolar Disorder
61
A mood disorder
characterized by extreme and persistent feelings
of despondency, worthlessness, and
hopelessness, causing impaired emotional,
cognitive, behavioral, and physical functioning.
Must last for 2 or more weeks.
Commonly the onset is the result of stressful life
events.
Major Depressive Disorder
62
Considered due to a greater degree of chronic
stress in daily life combined with a lesser sense of
personal control then men.
Considered more prone to dwell on problems
Women are twice as likely as men to be diagnosed
with major depressive disorder
63
mood
disorder with episodes of depression typically
occur during the fall and winter and subside
during the spring
Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
64
disorder involving chronic
feelings of depression that is often less
severe than major depressive disorder.
Ultimately a chronic case of the blues and
usually continues for years.
Persistent depressive disorder (Dysthymic
Disorder)
65
self-defeating beliefs after experiencing
uncontrollable painful events
Depression is of the result of Learned helplessness:
66
Depressed people tend to explain bad events in
terms that are:
Stable (will last forever)
Global (effects everything, pervasive negativity and
internal pessimism, which often results in suicidal
thoughts and preoccupations with death)
Internal (it’s all my fault)
66
Pervasive negativity and pessimism are often
manifested in suicidal thoughts or a
preoccupation with death.
Abnormal sleep patterns are common with
sporadic awakenings throughout the night.
About 10% of those suffering with major
depressive disorder attempt suicide
67
The biochemical key is neurotransmitters
messenger molecules that shuttle signals
between nerve cells.
68
are
neurotransmitters that are scarce (lower levels)
during depression
Norepinephrine and serotonin
69
involving periods of extreme
euphoria and excitement and alternating
periods of normalcy, and sometimes periods of
incapacitating depression. (formerly called
manic depression)
Bipolar Disorde
70
a sudden, rapidly
escalating emotional state characterized by
extreme euphoria (mania), excitement, physical
energy, and rapid thoughts and speech. Poor
sleep and grandiose thinking
Euphoric (manic) episodes
71
Symptoms of a manic episode
-uncharacteristically euphoric and excited for several days
or longer
-unable to sleep but boundless energy
-wildly inflated self-esteem, supreme self-confidence
(often grandiose plans for obtaining wealth, power and
fame and sometimes delusional)
-rapid speech (thoughts race faster)
-easily triggered flight of ideas (shifts of topics)
-grandiose, agitated or verbally abusive when questioned
72
Consequences of manic episodes
-run up bills
-disappear for weeks
-sexual promiscuous
-commit illegal acts
Far less common than major depressive disorder
and no differences between the sexes
73
mood disorder
characterized by moderate but frequent mood
swings that are not severe enough to qualify as
bipolar disorder. Can have mood swings for two years or longer
Cyclothymic disorder
74
Onset of Depressive and Bipolar disorders
-genetic predisposition
-differences in the activation of structures in the
brain
-disruptions in brain chemistry (abnormal levels
of neurotransmitters
-stress
-cigarette smoking
75
psychological disorder in which
the ability to function is impaired by severely
distorted beliefs, perceptions, and thought
processes.
Literally translated, means “split mind”.
Schizophrenia
76
Characteristics of schizophrenia include:
Disorganized thinking
Disturbed Perceptions
Inappropriate Thought Processes
77
Types of delusions
Delusions of reference, Delusions of grandeur, Delusions of persecution, Delusions of being controlled
78
reflect the person’s false
conviction that other people’s behavior and
ordinary events are somehow personally related
to them. (They are talking about me, the TV is
talking to me, etc.)
Delusions of reference
79
believe others are
plotting against them or trying to harm them or
someone close to them
Delusions of persecution
79
belief that the person is
extremely powerful.
Delusions of grandeur
80
belief that outside
forces (aliens, government, random people) are
trying to exert control of them.
Delusions of being controlled
81
the belief that the person has a
physical defect or medical problem
Somatic
82
cause a person to believe that
their partner is unfaithful and constantly look for
evidence that their belief is true.
Jealous Delusions
83
means that the person has
multiple types of delusions, but none are more
common than another. Unspecified delusions don't clearly fit into aspecific category.
Mixed delusions
84
false beliefs that persists despite
compelling contradictory evidence
Delusions:
85
thoughts which are
fragmented, bizarre, and distorted by false
beliefs (delusions)
Disorganized thinking
86
perceive things that
are not there (hallucinations)
Disturbed Perceptions
87
Inappropriate Thought Processes (Emotions and
Actions: deficits in behavioral or emotional
functioning.)
Perform senseless compulsive acts.
Flat affect (emotionless expression)
Catatonic (remain motionless for hours on end
followed by agitation)
Alogia: greatly reduced production of speech with
limited/brief, empty comments.
Avolition: inability to initiate or persist in even
simple forms of goal-directed behaviors (dressing,
bathing, engaging in social activities).
88
experience delusions,
hallucinations, disorganized speech,
inappropriate behaviors. The presence of
inappropriate behavior.
Positive Symptoms of schizophrenia
89
toneless voices, flat affect
(emotionless face), rigid bodies, alogia, and
avolition. Reduced emotionless expression. The
absence of appropriate behavior.
Negative Symptoms of schizophrenia
90
Excess of receptors for dopamine, believed to cause
increased positive symptoms.
Genetic factors: beyond question.
Enlargement of the ventricles in the brain.
Abnormal shrinkage of brain tissue in the cerebral cortex.
Low brain activity in the frontal lobes.
Smaller than normal thalamus.
Prenatal viral infections
Loss of gray matter tissue and lower overall volume of the
brain is associated with clinical symptoms and decreased
cognitive functioning among those with schizophrenia
Causality
91
remains a baffling disorder with
no single biological, psychological, or social
factor as a causal agent
Schizophrenia
92
is a
planned, emotionally charged, confiding
interaction between a trained therapist and
someone who suffers from psychological
difficulties
Psychological therapy or psychotherapy
93
Most common therapeutic mentalities
Behavioral Perspective
Cognitive Behavioral Perspective (CBT)
Cognitive Perspective
Humanistic Perspective
Psychodynamic Perspective
Psychoanalytic Perspective
Positive Psychology
94
Freud assumed our psychological problems are
fueled by
childhood repressed conflicts stored in
the unconscious
95
Techniques in psychoanalysis include
free
association and dream analysis
96
the patient spontaneously
reports all her thoughts, mental images, and
feelings while lying on a couch
Free association
97
the patient’s conscious or
unconscious attempts to block the process of
revealing repressed memories and conflicts.
Resistance
98
Blocks in free association, such as sudden
silence or abrupt change of topic were thought
to be
signs of resistance
99
explanations of the unconscious
meaning of the patient’s behavior, thoughts,
feelings or dreams.
Dream Interpretation
100
the patient transfer’s emotions
and desires originally associated with
significant persons in the patient’s life
unconsciously onto the psychoanalyst
Transference
101
type of
psychotherapy that is based on psychoanalytic
theory but differs in that it is typically time-
limited/short term, has specific goals, and
involves an active, rather than neutral, role of
the therapist
Short-term psychodynamic therapies
102
A type of
psychodynamic psychotherapy that focuses on
current relationships and is based on the
assumption that symptoms are caused and
maintained by interpersonal problems
Interpersonal therapy (IPT)
102
IPT focuses on 4 categories of personal problems
Unresolved grief: problems dealing with the
death of significant others.
2. Role disputes: repetitive conflicts with
significant others. (spouse, family, coworker)
3. Role transitions: problems involving major life
changes (marriage, divorce, retirement)
4. Role transitions: absent or faulty social skills that
limit the ability to start or maintain healthy
relationships with others.
102
problems dealing with the
death of significant others
Unresolved grief
102
repetitive conflicts with
significant others. (spouse, family, coworker)
Role disputes
103
problems involving major life
changes (marriage, divorce, retirement)
Role transitions
104
absent or faulty social skills that limit the ability to start or maintain healthy relationships with others
Interpersonal Deficits
105
emphasizes people’s
potential for self fulfillment. Focus is on the
present, conscious, and taking immediate
responsibility
Humanistic Therapies
106
focuses on the person’s
conscious self-perceptions rather than on the
therapist’s interpretations.
Client Centered Therapy
107
According to Carl Rogers’ Humanistic approach,
the client centered therapist ideally should
demonstrate
Active listening with genuineness, unconditional
acceptance, and empathy
108
applies learning principles to
eliminate a troubling behavior. Often use
systematic desensitization and virtual reality
exposure to treat disorders
Behavior Therapies
109
learning where
neutral stimuli signal an unconditioned response
and later produces responses that are
anticipated and prepares us for the
unconditioned stimulus, referred to as
conditioning.
Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning
110
a procedure that
conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger
unwanted behaviors.
Counterconditioning
111
Two types of counterconditioning
Exposure therapy, Aversive Conditioning
112
expose people to what
they normally avoid, eventually will become
less anxiously responsive to things that once
petrified them
Exposure therapy
113
the goal is substituting
a negative response for a positive one to
harmful stimuli.
Aversive Conditioning:
114
Widely used type of
exposure therapy was developed by South
African psychiatrist Joseph Wolpe in the 1950’s.
Systematic Desensitization
115
3 steps to systematic desensitization:
Progressive relaxation: involves successively
relaxing one muscle group after another until
a deep state of relaxation is achieved.
2. The behavior therapist helps the patient
construct an anxiety hierarchy: list of anxiety-
provoking images associated with the feared
situation arranged in a hierarchy from least
to most anxiety-producing.
3. The actual process of desensitization through
exposure to feared experiences.
116
learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.
Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
117
approach is to teach
people new, more constructive ways of thinking.
Emphasize that emotional disturbances result
from consistent pessimistic ways of experiencing
personal situations. Problems are in the result of
negative ways of looking at things. Goal is to
change self-defeating beliefs. (Distorted thinking
and unrealistic beliefs.)
Cognitive Therapy (CT)
118
uses a pragmatic approach and involves a treatment plan that integrates behavior modification techniques and cognitive therapy techniques. Aims to modify both self-defeating thinking and maladaptive actions. (unhealthy behavior)
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
119
treats the family as a system
Family therapy
120
people feel less alone, members
vent in a safe and supportive environment, and
therapists can observe how a clients interact
with others
Group therapy
121
3 benefits attributed to all psychotherapies
1. Hope. (placebo)
2. A new perspective
3. An empathetic, trusting and caring
relationship
122
To say that a psychotherapy treatment is
empirically supported means it meets the
following criteria
-is based on known psychological principles
-has demonstrated its effectiveness
-has been subjected to controlled scientific trials
123
A therapist (an eclectic therapist)
integrates use of techniques from different
psychotherapies. Will depend on the client and
symptoms.
Eclecticism
124
refers to the improvement
of symptoms that sometimes occur simply over the
passage of time.
Spontaneous remission
125
holds a medical degree, can
prescribe medication, and specializes in the
treatment of psychological disorders
Psychiatrist
126
holds an academic doctorate (PhD
or PsyD) and specializes in psychotherapy
Psychologist
127
expertise in research and
assessment of psychological disorders and the
practice of psychotherapy. Academic doctorate
Clinical psychologist
128
licensed to practice,
has extensive training in assessing and treating
mental, emotional and behavioral disorders.
Treats less severe disorders in less restrictive
environments. Academic doctorate
Counseling psychologist
129
often used to treat serious
disorders by physically changing the brain’s
functioning by altering its chemistry with drugs
or medical procedures that act directly on the
patient’s nervous system.
Biomedical therapy
130
Most widely used biomedical therapy today is
drug therapy, the use of psychotropic
medications.
131
the study of
drug effects on the mind and
behavior.
Psychopharmacology
132
prescription drugs
that are used to reduce psychotic symptoms by
blocking receptor sites for dopamine.
Antipsychotic medications
133
depress central nervous system
activity and calm the symptoms of anxiety
Antianxiety drugs
134
Best known antianxiety drugs are
Benzodiazepines:
medications which go by the name “tranquilizers”
because they calm jittery feelings, relax muscles
and promote sleep
135
Valium, Xanax. Increases the level of
GABA, a
neurotransmitter that inhibits the transmission of
nerve impulses in the brain and slows brain activity.
136
increases
neurotransmitters that elevate arousal and
mood which are scarce during depression
Antidepressant drugs:
137
Called SSRI’s Increase serotonin levels
(selective-serotonin-reuptake-
inhibitors)
138
regulate
neurotransmitters to level out mood. Most
common, Lithium, and Depakote
Mood-stabilizing drugs
139
biomedical
therapy used primarily in the treatment for
severely depressed patients (major depressive
disorder) in which a brief electric current is sent
through the brain of an anesthetized patient to
electrically induce a brief brain seizure
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
140
pulses of magnetic energy to the brain
through a coil held close to the person’s skull
used to stimulate or suppress brain activity
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
(rTMS)
141
a battery powered
neurostimulator is surgically implanted in the
chest and connected to electrodes surgically
implanted in the brain via wires under the skin,
sends electrical signals to the brain of a person
with major depressive disorder
Deep-brain stimulation (DBS)
142
surgery that removes or destroys
brain tissue in an effort to change behavior.
Psychosurgery
143
psychosurgical procedure once used
to calm uncontrollable emotional or violent
patients. (Not used for mood disorders.)
Lobotomy
144
was occasionally
done to cut the brain circuits involved in severe
cases of obsessive-compulsive disorder.
MRI-guided precision surgery:
