Final

Question 1

branch of
psychology that studies how a person’s
thoughts, feelings, and behavior are
influenced by the presence of other
people and by the social and physical
environment.

Answer 1

Social psychology

Question 2

Who you are in relation to others,
which is influenced by social, cultural, and
psychological experiences.

Answer 2

Sense of self

Question 3

refers to the mental
processes we use to form judgments and draw
conclusions about the characteristics of other
people. Happens with minimal interaction, basically our
first impressions. Can be a tenth of a second and
evaluations are made.

Answer 3

Person perception

Question 4

Four key components that influence decisions.

Answer 4

1. Your reactions to others are determined by your
   perceptions of them, not by who they really are.
2. Your self-perception also influences how you
   perceive others and how you act on your
   perceptions.
3. Your goals in a particular situation determine
   the amount and kinds of information you collect
   about others.
4. In every situation, you evaluate people partly in
   terms of how you expect them to act. This
   comes from Social Norms.

Question 5

Remember….first impressions are often wrong

Answer 5

The result, the halo effect. Once there, difficult
to allow new information (if given the
opportunity to received new information) to
provide a more accurate view.

Question 6

the “rules” or
expectations for appropriate
behavior in a particular social
situation.

Answer 6

Social norms

Question 7

the mental process of
categorizing people into groups based on their
shared characteristics.
Often use superficial cues that are easily
observable such as clothing, age, gender, etc.
Can be conscious or unconscious.

Answer 7

Social categorization

Question 8

deliberate, conscious mental
processes involved in perceptions, judgments,
decisions, and reasoning

Answer 8

Explicit cognition

Question 9

automatic, unconscious
mental processes that influence perceptions,
judgments, decisions, and reasoning.
Usually triggered automatically by prior
experiences or beliefs and can be both positive
and negative.

Answer 9

Implicit cognition

Question 10

a network of
assumptions or beliefs about the relationships
among various types of people, traits, and
behaviors.
Based on previous social and cultural
experiences that influence cognitive schemas or
mental frameworks you hold about traits and
behaviors associated with different “types” of
people.
Physical appearance is particularly influential.

Answer 10

Implicit personality theory

Question 11

the mental process of inferring the
causes of people’s behavior, including one’s own

Answer 11

Attribution

Question 12

suggests how we explain someone’s behavior is
the result of either the situation or the person’s
disposition/internal characteristics.

Answer 12

Fritz Heider proposed the Attribution Theory

Question 13

focus blame on the
situation (environment, economy, traffic)

Answer 13

Situational attribution:

Question 14

focus blame on the person or the person’s
characteristics or personality.

Answer 14

Internal attribution (Dispositional attribution):

Question 15

We
overestimate the impact of the
personal disposition and
underestimate the impact of the
situation.

Answer 15

Fundamental attribution error:

Question 16

feelings, based on our beliefs, that
predispose our reactions to objects, people, and
events.

Answer 16

Attitudes

Question 17

Attitudes consist of three(3) components:

Answer 17

Emotions, Behaviors, and Cognitions.
As a result, attitudes can affect actions, though
actions can affect attitudes as well.

Question 18

unpleasant state of
psychological tension (dissonance) resulting from
two inconsistent thoughts or perceptions
(cognitions).
Typically results from the awareness that attitudes
and behavior conflict

Answer 18

Cognitive Dissonance

Question 19

is the main reason why we
rationalize things because we want to reduce the
discomfort we feel when our thoughts
are inconsistent with our actions. Ex:
“Sour grapes” rationalization.
Therefore, our actions can lead us to change our
attitudes.

Answer 19

Cognitive Dissonance

Question 20

Social influence can be seen in our

Answer 20

conformity, our compliance, and
our group behavior.

Question 21

adjusting opinions, judgments, and
behaviors so that they match those of others or
the norms of a social group or situation.

Answer 21

Conformity

Question 22

Reasons why we conform:

Answer 22

1. You are strongly attracted to a group and
   want to be a member of it.
2. Your opinion is not the majority. (Involves at
   least 4 or 5 who are in agreement.)
3. It is difficult to speak out in front of a group.

Question 23

influence resulting
from a person’s desire to gain social acceptance
and approval or avoid disapproval.

Answer 23

Normative Social Influence

Question 24

influence
resulting from a person’s willingness to accept
other’s opinions about reality because we want
to be correct but are uncertain or doubt our
own judgment.

Answer 24

Informational Social Influence

Question 25

famous research on conformity. His research was designed to answer a straightforward question: Would people still conform to the group if the group opinion was clearly wrong? Objective task: are simple lines the same size. Results: participants will conform even when the group judgment was clearly incorrect.

Answer 25

Solomon Asch

Question 26

Obedience (Compliance) Milgram's famous shock experiments. Results:

Answer 26

1. Most complied to the very last shock. 2. People seemed to comply because orders were given by a legitimate authority figure. 3. Some did stop but only when teachers observed others refusal. 4. More likely to give shocks when teachers and learner were in separate rooms. Ultimately two-thirds of the subjects continued to administer shocks all the way to the full 450- volt level despite hearing protests from the learner in another room.

Question 27

In Milgram’s obedience experiments, all of the following had a strong influence on the participants willingness to obey the experimenter:

Answer 27

1. A previously well-established framework to obey 2. Gradual, repetitive escalation of the task 3. Experimenter’s behavior and/or reassurance 4. Physical and psychological separation

Question 28

if you first agreed to a small request, you would later comply with a larger request.

Answer 28

A great deal of conformity and obedience begins with the foot-in-the-door phenomenon

Question 29

first persuader makes a large request that you’re certain to refuse. Later makes a much smaller request and you feel obliged or more likely to comply

Answer 29

Door-in-the-face technique:

Question 30

make a request and before they can refuse, lower the request or add an incentive.

Answer 30

That’s not all technique:

Question 31

the persuader gets a person to commit to a low-ball offer they have no intention of keeping, then the price is suddenly increased

Answer 31

Low-ball technique

Question 32

stronger performance on easy or well learned tasks in the presence of others (as well as poorer performance on difficult tasks.)

Answer 32

Social facilitation

Question 33

Phenomenon when people in a group exert less effort than they would if working independently.

Answer 33

Social Loafing

Question 34

Phenomenon when people tend to work harder when they are in groups than when they are alone.

Answer 34

Social Striving

Question 35

abandon self-awareness and self-restraint in anonymous group situations. Key is feeling both aroused and anonymous.

Answer 35

Deindividuation

Question 36

groups that share opinions, ideas and attitudes become more extreme over time.

Answer 36

Group polarization

Question 37

when desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic discussion of alternatives

Answer 37

Group think

Question 38

means “prejudgment” a negative attitude toward a specific social group.

Answer 38

Prejudice

Question 39

a generalized belief about a group of people. Often underlie prejudicial emotions.

Answer 39

Stereotypes

Question 40

unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members. Ultimately, when prejudice is displayed behaviorally.

Answer 40

Discrimination

Question 41

the belief that one’s culture or ethnic group is superior to others.

Answer 41

Ethnocentrism

Question 42

the tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races. Phenomenon when individuals believe members of a particular race look alike. Believed to be mitigated when establishing meaningful relationships with all races/cultures.

Answer 42

The cross-race effect (other-race effect, cross- race bias; own-race bias)

Question 43

a theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

Answer 43

Scape goat theory

Question 44

tendency to blame an innocent victim of misfortune for having caused the problem or not avoiding it.

Answer 44

Blaming the Victim (Victim blaming)

Question 45

belief that the world is just, that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get, and the world needs to be “fair”. “Victims of the world deserve to suffer.”

Answer 45

Just-world hypothesis

Question 46

the tendency to overestimate one’s ability to have foreseen or predicted the outcome of an event. Ex: telling someone else a bad event was obviously going to happen

Answer 46

Hindsight bias

Question 47

: the tendency to attribute successful outcomes of one’s own behavior to internal causes and unsuccessful outcomes to external/situational causes.

Answer 47

Self-serving bias

Question 48

Psychologists refer to the tendency to perceive others in terms of two basic social categories:

Answer 48

the in-group and the out-group

Question 49

the tendency to judge the behavior of the in-group members favorably and out-group members unfavorably.

Answer 49

In-group bias

Question 50

dissimilar or diverse, diverse in character or content

Answer 50

Heterogeneous

Question 51

geographic nearness/familiarity.

Answer 51

proximity

Question 52

when we are repeatedly exposed to something or someone (novel stimuli) our liking to them/it increases

Answer 52

Mere exposure effect

Question 53

1. proximity: geographic nearness/familiarity. Mere exposure effect: when we are repeatedly exposed to something or someone (novel stimuli) our liking to them/it increases. 2. Physical Attractiveness 3. Similarity (Less important in some Eastern cultures.) 4. The situations in which we interact: happy, intoxicated, physically aroused by exercise, more likely to rate others as attractive. (if we anticipate that they like us, we are more likely attracted to them). 5. socio-economic and cultural environment: food in short supply, prefer heavier women, opposite where resources are abundant.

Answer 53

The Psychology of Attraction and Liking (in Western cultures)

Question 54

food in short supply, prefer heavier women, opposite where resources are abundant

Answer 54

socio-economic and cultural environment

Question 55

The following increase the likelihood of bystanders to help:

Answer 55

-feeling guilty -seeing others who are willing to help -perceiving the person as deserving help -knowing how to help -a personalized relationship

Question 56

expectation that we should return help to those who help us. The rule of reciprocity is simply if someone gives you something or does you a favor, you feel obligated to return the favor

Answer 56

Reciprocity norm

Question 57

the unselfish regard for the welfare of others.

Answer 57

Altruism

Question 58

once you make a public commitment, there is psychological and interpersonal pressure on you to behave consistently with your earlier commitment. Ex: foot-in-the-door

Answer 58

The Rule of commitment norm:

Question 59

when someone is less likely to give aid because others are present. Assume someone else will do it or if no one does anything, you don’t as well.

Answer 59

Bystander effect

Question 60

phenomenon in which the presence of other people makes it less likely that any individual will help someone in distress because the obligation to intervene is shared among all the onlookers.

Answer 60

Diffusion of responsibility

Question 61

Reasons for the diffusion of responsibility:

Answer 61

* being in a big city or a very small town * vague or ambiguous situations * when personal costs outweigh the benefits * embarrassed to step up in front of others * afraid to do the wrong thing

Question 62

is defined as the research-based analysis and evaluation of the mind, actions, and habits. This research aims to provide details and deductions about our behaviors

Answer 62

Psychology

Question 63

involves studies conducted by psychologists with the intention of developing procedures that will either resolve a question or dilemma or produce enhancements that benefit society.

Answer 63

Psychological research

Question 64

Researchers implement the scientific method

Answer 64

begins with presenting an inquiry or a problem, next, a theory is proposed, followed by experimentation or studies that are designed to test the theory, and results of the information gathered are determined

Question 65

A scientific study includes

Answer 65

proposing a hypothesis, conducting research which includes the method section, obtaining and interpreting the results, and discussion.

Question 66

a prediction about the outcome of a study. Its may include a statement describing the procedure and anticipated outcome. Ultimately, it is an educated guess.

Answer 66

A hypothesis

Question 67

provides participants with a full explanation of the hypothesis being tested, procedures to deceive participants, and the reasons why it was necessary to deceive them.

Answer 67

Debriefing

Question 68

Also known as the independent ethics committee, judges whether proposed experiments are ethical.

Answer 68

Institutional Review Board

Question 69

deals with figures and statistics that can be counted in numerical form. This type of research uses statistics and figures to measure or quantify behavioral characteristics and psychological issues.

Answer 69

Quantitative research

Question 70

deals with information that is not able to be numerically measured; rather, this data is illustrative and observable.

Answer 70

Qualitative research

Question 71

There are three main types of psychological research:

Answer 71

descriptive, correlational, and experimental research.

Question 72

is a genre of qualitative study that aims to illustrate the actions of individuals by way of observation. These studies do not include variables, which are elements of an experiment that are able to be manipulated. The objective is simply to collect information that is purely based on observation

Answer 72

Descriptive research

Question 73

revolves around testing potential connections between variables. Within these types of studies, although the variables are not controlled by the researcher, the results will reveal the extent and direction of the connection between the variables

Answer 73

Correlational research

Question 74

Correlational research can be

Answer 74

longitudinal or cross-sectional.

Question 75

you collect data from a population at a specific point in time

Answer 75

In a cross-sectional study

Question 76

you repeatedly collect data from the same sample over an extended period of time.

Answer 76

In a longitudinal study

Question 77

The main difference is that cross-sectional studies interview a fresh sample of people each time they are carried out, whereas

Answer 77

longitudinal studies follow the same sample of people over time.

Question 78

can be positive or negative.

Answer 78

An established correlation

Question 79

means that both variables change in the same direction.

Answer 79

A positive correlation

Question 80

means that the variables change in opposite directions.

Answer 80

A negative correlation

Question 81

means there is no connection established

Answer 81

Zero correlation

Question 82

is used, various graphs show the results and are added to the result sections in various forms of research. Two examples of the types of graphs used include a bar graph and a scatterplot.

Answer 82

When statistical analysis

Question 83

is a visual representation of data using rectangular bars where the length of each bar corresponds to the value of a specific category.

Answer 83

Bar graph

Question 84

uses dots to represent values for two different numerical variables. They are used to observe relationships between variables.

Answer 84

Scatterplot

Question 85

is similar to a bar graph but represents quantitative data where the bar graph represents categorical data. The bars touch whereas there is space inbetween the bar graph to indicate the different categories.

Answer 85

Histogram

Question 86

expands on the previous methods by manipulating the variables during studies, such as lab or field experiments, which allows the researcher to determine whether a cause-and-effect connection exists

Answer 86

Experimental research

Question 87

Experimental research can be grouped into two broad categories:

Answer 87

true experimental designs and quasi-experimental designs.

Question 88

Both designs require treatment manipulation, but while true experiments also require random assignment,

Answer 88

quasi-experiments do not.

Question 89

True experiments have four elements:

Answer 89

manipulation, control , random assignment, and random selection. The most important of these elements are manipulation and control

Question 90

In a true experiment, three factors need to be satisfied:

Answer 90

* There is a Control Group, which won’t be subject to changes, and an Experimental Group, which will experience the changed variables. * A variable that can be manipulated by the researcher * Random distribution

Question 91

refers to the use of chance procedures in psychology experiments to ensure that each participant has the same opportunity to be assigned to any given group. Study participants are randomly assigned to different groups, such as the experimental group or treatment group.

Answer 91

Random assignment

Question 92

refers to how sample members (study participants) are selected from the population for inclusion in the study. Random assignment is an aspect of experimental design in which study participants are assigned to the treatment or control group using a random procedure.

Answer 92

Random selection

Question 93

Higher mental functions (learning, remembering, etc.)

Answer 93

Cortex

Question 94

Thinking, reasoning, impulse control

Answer 94

Prefrontal Cortex

Question 95

mood enhancers, endorphins, pleasure/pain

Answer 95

Neurotransmitters

Question 96

sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 96

Anxiety/nervous: