psych test 2 Flashcards
1
Q
the branch of psychology that
studies how biological, behavioral, and social factors
influence health, illness, medical treatment, and
health-related behaviors.
A
Health psychology
2
Q
a negative emotional state
occurring in response to events that are
perceived as taxing or exceeding a
person’s resources or ability to cope
A
Stress
3
Q
how you see or appraise the
stress or present situation
A
Stress Appraisal
4
Q
experience of stress is
determined in part by our subjective evaluation of
phenomenon as well as our resources for coping.
A
Appraisal model
5
Q
events we see as threatening or
challenging
A
Stressor
6
Q
Ultimately stress is more the
result of
A
how we appraise the
stressor and less from the event
themselves.
7
Q
events are
events or situations that are
negative, severe and far beyond
our normal expectations for
everyday life or life events
A
Traumatic events
8
Q
a phenomenon when those around you
quickly come to your aid, whether stranger or
friend, during traumatic events.
A
Shelley Taylor’s “tend and befriend” response
9
Q
confirmed that the response to
stress is a mind/body experience and results in a
chain of internal physical reactions
A
Walter Cannon
10
Q
the stress hormones are part of the
A
sympathetic nervous system
11
Q
response to changes
where levels of stress involve
both the sympathetic nervous system and the
endocrine system.
A
fight or flight
12
Q
when the
sympathetic nervous system activates the
endocrine system what is released?
A
Stress hormones
13
Q
Who extended Cannon’s research on
stress.
A
Hans Selye
14
Q
The body’s
adaptive response to stress.
A
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
15
Q
3 stages of GAS
A
Alarm
Resistance
Exhaustion
16
Q
sympathetic nervous system is
activated, heart rate zooms, etc. Now ready to
fight the challenge
A
Alarm Reaction
17
Q
blood pressure, temp and
breathing remain high and hormones flow. If
stress continues, it can deplete the body’s
reserves during phase 3
A
Resistance
18
Q
the body’s energy reserves
become depleted, leading to illness and possibly
death
A
Exhaustion
19
Q
“mind-body” illness any
stress-related physical illness. (hypertension, headaches,
etc.)
A
Psychophysiological Illnesses
20
Q
includes 2 types of white
blood cells called lymphocytes. B lymphocytes and T
lymphocytes fight foreign substances that cause
illnesses.
A
Stress and the Immune System
21
Q
What competes with the energy needed to fight disease
and infection
A
stress
22
Q
the
interdisciplinary field that studies the
interconnections among psychological
processes, nervous, and endocrine
system functions, and the immune
system.
A
Psychoneuroimmunology
23
Q
What is an emotion that is closely linked to stress
related illnesses esp. heart attacks.
A
Anger
24
Q
Stressors strongly effect cardiovascular health,
particularly those with
A
Type A personalities (high
in urgency, hostility and competitiveness)
25
Hostility levels are positively correlated to
heart
disease.
26
what provokes an outpouring of stress
hormones, rise in blood pressure, and immune
responses drop.
Also results in learned helplessness.
losing
control
27
alleviating stress using emotional,
cognitive or behavioral methods. The way in
which we try to change circumstances or our
interpretation to make them less stressful.
Coping
28
attempting to alleviate
stress directly, by changing the stressor or the
way we interact with that stressor
Problem-focused coping
29
managing the
emotional impact of the situation
Emotion-focused strategy
30
4 things to Alleviate Stress
Feel a sense of control.
Develop a more optimistic explanatory style.
Build a base of social support.
Find your strength.
31
perception or belief that control
exists
Perceived Control
32
whether we learn to see
ourselves as controlling or controlled by our
environment.
Personal Control
33
the perception that
chance or outside forces determine their fate
External locus of control
34
the perception that, to a
great extent, one controls their own fate
Internal locus of control
35
Explanatory style:
Optimistic (external, unstable, specific)
Pessimistic: (internal, stable, global)
36
resources provided by other
people in times of need, including emotional,
tangible, and informational support.
Social support
37
the ability to cope with stress and
adversity, to adapt to negative or unforeseen
circumstances, and to rebound after negative
experiences.
Resilience
38
an individual’s unique and
relatively consistent patterns of
thinking, feeling, and behavior
Personality
39
Freud, first
theory of personality. Includes ideas
about an unconscious region of the
mind, psychosexual stages of
development, and defense
mechanisms for holding anxiety at
bay.
The psychoanalytic theory
40
according to Freud is
a reservoir of mostly unacceptable
thoughts, wishes, feelings, and
memories.
Unconscious
41
Ultimately Freud believed there are 3 levels of
awareness
1. The conscious
2. The preconscious
3. The unconscious
42
Freud's theory of personality and the associated
treatment techniques is known as
psychoanalysis
43
the techniques used in treating
psychological disorders by seeking to expose and
interpret unconscious tensions
Psychoanalysis
44
in psychoanalysis, method of
assessing the unconscious by asking patients to
spontaneously report mental images, thoughts,
and feelings as they come to mind.
Free Association
45
the “royal road to the unconscious”
Dreams
46
Freud referred to the remembered content of
dreams as their
manifest content
47
Freud referred to
the disguised, symbolic meaning of dreams as
the
latent content.
48
Freud proposed 3 interacting
systems that make up the
personality
id, ego and superego
49
the unconscious constantly striving to satisfy
basic drives and operates on the pleasure
principle and demands immediate gratification
Id
50
operates on the reality principle, seeks to
gratify the id's impulses in realistic ways. It's the
“executive” part of personality
Ego
51
the voice of our conscience, focuses
on how one ought to behave. It strives for
perfection and produces feelings of pride or guilt.
Superego
52
the childhood stages of
development during which the id's pleasure-
seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous
zones
Psychosexual stages
53
what are the Psychosexual stages
Oral 0-18m, Anal 18-36m, Phallic 3-6yrs, Latency 6-puberty, Genital puberty on
54
focus is on oral stimulation (mouth)
Oral
55
focus is on potty training and control
Anal
56
focus is on the genitals
Phallic
57
sexual urges are repressed, and child
prefers same sex friends
Latency
58
sexual urges that remain for the rest of
one’s life
Genital
59
During the phallic stage, Freud believed boys
seek genital stimulation and develop both
unconscious sexual desires for their mother and
jealousy and hatred for their father whom they
consider a rival
Oedipus Complex, for girls Electra complex
60
the process of incorporating their
parent’s values into developing superegos
Identification
61
lingering focus of pleasure-seeking
energies. Ex: abrupt early weaning can result in
an orally fixated adult
Fixation
62
tactics to reduce,
avoid, or redirect anxiety by distorting reality
Ego defense mechanisms
63
Psychologically healthy people temporarily use
_____________________ to deal with stressful
events and buys time while seeking a realistic
solution.
ego defense mechanisms
64
banish anxiety-arousing thoughts and
feelings from consciousness
Repression
65
when faced with anxiety, to retreat to
a more infantile stage of development
Regression
66
the ego unconsciously
makes unacceptable impulses look like their
opposites
Reaction Formation
67
disguise their own threatening
impulses by attributing them to others
Projection
68
offers self-justifying explanations
in place of the real, more threatening,
unconscious reasons for one's actions
Rationalization
69
shifts sexual or aggressive
impulses toward a more acceptable or less
threatening object or person
Displacement
70
refusal to acknowledge disturbing
aspects of reality
Denial
71
trying to take back or make up for a
behavior or impulse that was hurtful to
someone. Replaying and reimagining them
Undoing
72
avoidance of feelings by
overly focusing on the intellectual aspects of
an issue to avoid the emotional reactions
Intellectualization
73
believed that
social, not sexual tensions are crucial for
personality formation
Alfred Adler and Karen Horney
74
believed that much of
our behavior is driven by efforts to conquer
childhood feelings of inferiority and can be done in
a healthy way or an unhealthy way
Adler (inferiority complex)
75
emphasized the importance of
human relationships in personality development
Karen Horney
76
less emphasis on social factors, agreed
with Freud re: the unconscious, but believed it
contains more then repressed thoughts and
feelings
Carl Jung
77
Ultimately, Jung believed 3 levels of
consciousness exist
conscious, unconscious, and
collective unconscious
78
Two pioneers
Maslow and Rogers
79
self actualization,
the desire of fulfilling our potential
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
80
6 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Self-Actualization
Esteem
Belongingness and Love
Safety
Physiological
Later, Self-transcendence was added at the end
of Maslow’s career.
81
known for the Person-Centered
perspective, contended that the most basic human
motive is the actualizing tendency: the innate drive
to maintain and enhance the human organism
Carl Rogers
82
According to Rogers, all other human motives
(biological or social) are
secondary
83
Rogers agreed with Maslow regarding the ultimate
goal of self-actualization, however, believed one
needs 3 conditions to promote it
To be genuine,
accepting, and empathetic
84
be true to who you are
Genuine
85
(unconditional positive regard), total
acceptance toward others and ourselves
Acceptance
86
to understand what someone is feeling
without experiencing it first-hand
Empathy
87
refers to the sense
of being unconditionally loved and valued, even if
you don’t conform to the standards and
expectations of others.
Unconditional positive regard
88
the sense that you
will be valued and loved only if you behave in a
way that is acceptable to others, conditional love
or acceptance.
Conditional positive regard
89
believe a central feature of
personality is one's self-concept
Maslow and Rogers
90
asking people to describe themselves as they
would ideally like to be and who they actually are
Humanistic psychologists assess personality
91
proposed the social-cognitive
perspective of personality development
Albert Bandura
92
The social-cognitive theory of personality
emphasizes
observational learning
-conscious cognitive processes
-social experiences
-self efficacy beliefs
-reciprocal determinism
93
the degree to which you are
subjectively convinced of your own capabilities
and effectiveness in meeting the demands of a
particular situation.
Self-efficacy
94
the interaction of
behavioral, cognitive, and environmental
factors.
reciprocal
determinism
95
Seligman: the scientific study
of optimal human functioning
Positive psychology
96
includes your visions of the self
you dream of becoming and the self you fear of
becoming
Possible selves
97
describes personality in terms of
fundamental traits
Gordon Allport
98
relatively stable, enduring predisposition to
behave in a certain way
Traits
99
The Factor Five model specifies where you fall in
five dimensions
conscientious, agreeableness,
neuroticism, openness, and extraversion
100
Calm/worrying, even-
tempered/temperamental, unemotional/emotional,
hardy/vulnerable
Neuroticism
101
reserved/affectionate, loner/joiner,
quiet/talkative
Extraversion
102
down to earth/imaginative,
conventional/original, uncreative/creative, prefer
routine/prefer variety.
Openness to Experience
103
antagonistic/acquiescent,
ruthless/softhearted, suspicious/trusting
Agreeableness
104
lazy/hardworking,
aimless/ambitious, quitting/persevering
Conscientiousness
105
a test that assesses a
person’s abilities, aptitudes, interests, or
personality on the basis of a systematically
obtained sample of behavior
Psychological tests
106
2 basic goals of Psychological tests
1. Accurately and consistently reflects a person’s
characteristics on some dimension.
2. Predicts future psychological functioning or
behavior
107
Two types of personality tests
projective tests and self-reports
108
personality test that involves a
person’s interpreting an ambiguous image used to
assess unconscious motives, conflicts, psychological
defenses and personality traits
Projective tests
109
people view
ambiguous pictures and then make up stories
about them
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
110
most widely used and
famous: set of 10 inkblots seeks to identify inner
feelings by analyzing their view of the blots
Rorschach inkblot test
111
psychological test in which a person’s responses
to standardized questions are compared to
established norms
Self-report inventory (Personality Inventories)
112
a
self report inventory that assesses personality
characteristics and psychological disorders in both
normal and disturbed populations. The most widely
researched and clinically used personality test
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
113
self-report
inventory that assesses personality characteristics in
normal populations.
California Psychological Inventory (CPI)
114
self-
report inventory developed by Raymond Cattell that
generates a personality profile with ratings on 16 trait
dimensions.
Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF)
115
Main problems with all self-reports/personality
inventories
-Can lie to give more desirable answers.
-People may misjudge their own attitudes and
behaviors.
-Some inventories have hundreds of items, so
people may not answer every item carefully and
accurately
