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Gen Psych Exam 1 > psych test 2 > Flashcards

psych test 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

the branch of psychology that
studies how biological, behavioral, and social factors
influence health, illness, medical treatment, and
health-related behaviors.

A

Health psychology

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2
Q

a negative emotional state
occurring in response to events that are
perceived as taxing or exceeding a
person’s resources or ability to cope

A

Stress

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3
Q

how you see or appraise the
stress or present situation

A

Stress Appraisal

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4
Q

experience of stress is
determined in part by our subjective evaluation of
phenomenon as well as our resources for coping.

A

Appraisal model

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5
Q

events we see as threatening or
challenging

A

Stressor

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6
Q

Ultimately stress is more the
result of

A

how we appraise the
stressor and less from the event
themselves.

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7
Q

events are
events or situations that are
negative, severe and far beyond
our normal expectations for
everyday life or life events

A

Traumatic events

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8
Q

a phenomenon when those around you
quickly come to your aid, whether stranger or
friend, during traumatic events.

A

Shelley Taylor’s “tend and befriend” response

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9
Q

confirmed that the response to
stress is a mind/body experience and results in a
chain of internal physical reactions

A

Walter Cannon

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10
Q

the stress hormones are part of the

A

sympathetic nervous system

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11
Q

response to changes
where levels of stress involve
both the sympathetic nervous system and the
endocrine system.

A

fight or flight

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12
Q

when the
sympathetic nervous system activates the
endocrine system what is released?

A

Stress hormones

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13
Q

Who extended Cannon’s research on
stress.

A

Hans Selye

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14
Q

The body’s
adaptive response to stress.

A

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

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15
Q

3 stages of GAS

A

Alarm
Resistance
Exhaustion

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16
Q

sympathetic nervous system is
activated, heart rate zooms, etc. Now ready to
fight the challenge

A

Alarm Reaction

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17
Q

blood pressure, temp and
breathing remain high and hormones flow. If
stress continues, it can deplete the body’s
reserves during phase 3

A

Resistance

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18
Q

the body’s energy reserves
become depleted, leading to illness and possibly
death

A

Exhaustion

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19
Q

“mind-body” illness any
stress-related physical illness. (hypertension, headaches,
etc.)

A

Psychophysiological Illnesses

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20
Q

includes 2 types of white
blood cells called lymphocytes. B lymphocytes and T
lymphocytes fight foreign substances that cause
illnesses.

A

Stress and the Immune System

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21
Q

What competes with the energy needed to fight disease
and infection

A

stress

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22
Q

the
interdisciplinary field that studies the
interconnections among psychological
processes, nervous, and endocrine
system functions, and the immune
system.

A

Psychoneuroimmunology

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23
Q

What is an emotion that is closely linked to stress
related illnesses esp. heart attacks.

A

Anger

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24
Q

Stressors strongly effect cardiovascular health,
particularly those with

A

Type A personalities (high
in urgency, hostility and competitiveness)

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25
Q

Hostility levels are positively correlated to

A

heart
disease.

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26
Q

what provokes an outpouring of stress
hormones, rise in blood pressure, and immune
responses drop.
Also results in learned helplessness.

A

losing
control

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27
Q

alleviating stress using emotional,
cognitive or behavioral methods. The way in
which we try to change circumstances or our
interpretation to make them less stressful.

A

Coping

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28
Q

attempting to alleviate
stress directly, by changing the stressor or the
way we interact with that stressor

A

Problem-focused coping

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29
Q

managing the
emotional impact of the situation

A

Emotion-focused strategy

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30
Q

4 things to Alleviate Stress

A

Feel a sense of control.
Develop a more optimistic explanatory style.
Build a base of social support.
Find your strength.

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31
Q

perception or belief that control
exists

A

Perceived Control

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32
Q

whether we learn to see
ourselves as controlling or controlled by our
environment.

A

Personal Control

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33
Q

the perception that
chance or outside forces determine their fate

A

External locus of control

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34
Q

the perception that, to a
great extent, one controls their own fate

A

Internal locus of control

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35
Q

Explanatory style:

A

Optimistic (external, unstable, specific)
Pessimistic: (internal, stable, global)

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36
Q

resources provided by other
people in times of need, including emotional,
tangible, and informational support.

A

Social support

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37
Q

the ability to cope with stress and
adversity, to adapt to negative or unforeseen
circumstances, and to rebound after negative
experiences.

A

Resilience

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38
Q

an individual’s unique and
relatively consistent patterns of
thinking, feeling, and behavior

A

Personality

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39
Q

Freud, first
theory of personality. Includes ideas
about an unconscious region of the
mind, psychosexual stages of
development, and defense
mechanisms for holding anxiety at
bay.

A

The psychoanalytic theory

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40
Q

according to Freud is
a reservoir of mostly unacceptable
thoughts, wishes, feelings, and
memories.

A

Unconscious

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41
Q

Ultimately Freud believed there are 3 levels of
awareness

A
  1. The conscious
  2. The preconscious
  3. The unconscious
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42
Q

Freud’s theory of personality and the associated
treatment techniques is known as

A

psychoanalysis

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43
Q

the techniques used in treating
psychological disorders by seeking to expose and
interpret unconscious tensions

A

Psychoanalysis

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44
Q

in psychoanalysis, method of
assessing the unconscious by asking patients to
spontaneously report mental images, thoughts,
and feelings as they come to mind.

A

Free Association

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45
Q

the “royal road to the unconscious”

A

Dreams

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46
Q

Freud referred to the remembered content of
dreams as their

A

manifest content

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47
Q

Freud referred to
the disguised, symbolic meaning of dreams as

A

the
latent content.

48
Q

Freud proposed 3 interacting
systems that make up the
personality

A

id, ego and superego

49
Q

the unconscious constantly striving to satisfy
basic drives and operates on the pleasure
principle and demands immediate gratification

A

Id

50
Q

operates on the reality principle, seeks to
gratify the id’s impulses in realistic ways. It’s the
“executive” part of personality

A

Ego

51
Q

the voice of our conscience, focuses
on how one ought to behave. It strives for
perfection and produces feelings of pride or guilt.

A

Superego

52
Q

the childhood stages of
development during which the id’s pleasure-
seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous
zones

A

Psychosexual stages

53
Q

what are the Psychosexual stages

A

Oral 0-18m, Anal 18-36m, Phallic 3-6yrs, Latency 6-puberty, Genital puberty on

54
Q

focus is on oral stimulation (mouth)

A

Oral

55
Q

focus is on potty training and control

A

Anal

56
Q

focus is on the genitals

A

Phallic

57
Q

sexual urges are repressed, and child
prefers same sex friends

A

Latency

58
Q

sexual urges that remain for the rest of
one’s life

A

Genital

59
Q

During the phallic stage, Freud believed boys
seek genital stimulation and develop both
unconscious sexual desires for their mother and
jealousy and hatred for their father whom they
consider a rival

A

Oedipus Complex, for girls Electra complex

60
Q

the process of incorporating their
parent’s values into developing superegos

A

Identification

61
Q

lingering focus of pleasure-seeking
energies. Ex: abrupt early weaning can result in
an orally fixated adult

A

Fixation

62
Q

tactics to reduce,
avoid, or redirect anxiety by distorting reality

A

Ego defense mechanisms

63
Q

Psychologically healthy people temporarily use
_____________________ to deal with stressful
events and buys time while seeking a realistic
solution.

A

ego defense mechanisms

64
Q

banish anxiety-arousing thoughts and
feelings from consciousness

A

Repression

65
Q

when faced with anxiety, to retreat to
a more infantile stage of development

A

Regression

66
Q

the ego unconsciously
makes unacceptable impulses look like their
opposites

A

Reaction Formation

67
Q

disguise their own threatening
impulses by attributing them to others

A

Projection

68
Q

offers self-justifying explanations
in place of the real, more threatening,
unconscious reasons for one’s actions

A

Rationalization

69
Q

shifts sexual or aggressive
impulses toward a more acceptable or less
threatening object or person

A

Displacement

70
Q

refusal to acknowledge disturbing
aspects of reality

A

Denial

71
Q

trying to take back or make up for a
behavior or impulse that was hurtful to
someone. Replaying and reimagining them

A

Undoing

72
Q

avoidance of feelings by
overly focusing on the intellectual aspects of
an issue to avoid the emotional reactions

A

Intellectualization

73
Q

believed that
social, not sexual tensions are crucial for
personality formation

A

Alfred Adler and Karen Horney

74
Q

believed that much of
our behavior is driven by efforts to conquer
childhood feelings of inferiority and can be done in
a healthy way or an unhealthy way

A

Adler (inferiority complex)

75
Q

emphasized the importance of
human relationships in personality development

A

Karen Horney

76
Q

less emphasis on social factors, agreed
with Freud re: the unconscious, but believed it
contains more then repressed thoughts and
feelings

A

Carl Jung

77
Q

Ultimately, Jung believed 3 levels of
consciousness exist

A

conscious, unconscious, and
collective unconscious

78
Q

Two pioneers

A

Maslow and Rogers

79
Q

self actualization,
the desire of fulfilling our potential

A

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

80
Q

6 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A

Self-Actualization
Esteem
Belongingness and Love
Safety
Physiological
Later, Self-transcendence was added at the end
of Maslow’s career.

81
Q

known for the Person-Centered
perspective, contended that the most basic human
motive is the actualizing tendency: the innate drive
to maintain and enhance the human organism

A

Carl Rogers

82
Q

According to Rogers, all other human motives
(biological or social) are

A

secondary

83
Q

Rogers agreed with Maslow regarding the ultimate
goal of self-actualization, however, believed one
needs 3 conditions to promote it

A

To be genuine,
accepting, and empathetic

84
Q

be true to who you are

A

Genuine

85
Q

(unconditional positive regard), total
acceptance toward others and ourselves

A

Acceptance

86
Q

to understand what someone is feeling
without experiencing it first-hand

A

Empathy

87
Q

refers to the sense
of being unconditionally loved and valued, even if
you don’t conform to the standards and
expectations of others.

A

Unconditional positive regard

88
Q

the sense that you
will be valued and loved only if you behave in a
way that is acceptable to others, conditional love
or acceptance.

A

Conditional positive regard

89
Q

believe a central feature of
personality is one’s self-concept

A

Maslow and Rogers

90
Q

asking people to describe themselves as they
would ideally like to be and who they actually are

A

Humanistic psychologists assess personality

91
Q

proposed the social-cognitive
perspective of personality development

A

Albert Bandura

92
Q

The social-cognitive theory of personality
emphasizes

A

observational learning
-conscious cognitive processes
-social experiences
-self efficacy beliefs
-reciprocal determinism

93
Q

the degree to which you are
subjectively convinced of your own capabilities
and effectiveness in meeting the demands of a
particular situation.

A

Self-efficacy

94
Q

the interaction of
behavioral, cognitive, and environmental
factors.

A

reciprocal
determinism

95
Q

Seligman: the scientific study
of optimal human functioning

A

Positive psychology

96
Q

includes your visions of the self
you dream of becoming and the self you fear of
becoming

A

Possible selves

97
Q

describes personality in terms of
fundamental traits

A

Gordon Allport

98
Q

relatively stable, enduring predisposition to
behave in a certain way

A

Traits

99
Q

The Factor Five model specifies where you fall in
five dimensions

A

conscientious, agreeableness,
neuroticism, openness, and extraversion

100
Q

Calm/worrying, even-
tempered/temperamental, unemotional/emotional,
hardy/vulnerable

A

Neuroticism

101
Q

reserved/affectionate, loner/joiner,
quiet/talkative

A

Extraversion

102
Q

down to earth/imaginative,
conventional/original, uncreative/creative, prefer
routine/prefer variety.

A

Openness to Experience

103
Q

antagonistic/acquiescent,
ruthless/softhearted, suspicious/trusting

A

Agreeableness

104
Q

lazy/hardworking,
aimless/ambitious, quitting/persevering

A

Conscientiousness

105
Q

a test that assesses a
person’s abilities, aptitudes, interests, or
personality on the basis of a systematically
obtained sample of behavior

A

Psychological tests

106
Q

2 basic goals of Psychological tests

A
  1. Accurately and consistently reflects a person’s
    characteristics on some dimension.
  2. Predicts future psychological functioning or
    behavior
107
Q

Two types of personality tests

A

projective tests and self-reports

108
Q

personality test that involves a
person’s interpreting an ambiguous image used to
assess unconscious motives, conflicts, psychological
defenses and personality traits

A

Projective tests

109
Q

people view
ambiguous pictures and then make up stories
about them

A

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

110
Q

most widely used and
famous: set of 10 inkblots seeks to identify inner
feelings by analyzing their view of the blots

A

Rorschach inkblot test

111
Q

psychological test in which a person’s responses
to standardized questions are compared to
established norms

A

Self-report inventory (Personality Inventories)

112
Q

a
self report inventory that assesses personality
characteristics and psychological disorders in both
normal and disturbed populations. The most widely
researched and clinically used personality test

A

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

113
Q

self-report
inventory that assesses personality characteristics in
normal populations.

A

California Psychological Inventory (CPI)

114
Q

self-
report inventory developed by Raymond Cattell that
generates a personality profile with ratings on 16 trait
dimensions.

A

Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF)

115
Q

Main problems with all self-reports/personality
inventories

A

-Can lie to give more desirable answers.
-People may misjudge their own attitudes and
behaviors.
-Some inventories have hundreds of items, so
people may not answer every item carefully and
accurately

Gen Psych Exam 1 (3 decks)

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