Exam 1 Flashcards by Sophie Lutz

the biological, emotional, cognitive or social forces that act on or within you, or an organism to activate and direct behavior.

Motivation

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3 Characteristics of motivation

activation, persistence, intensity

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to qualify as an instinct it must be a complex behavior with a fixed pattern through the species and be unlearned. Some human motives are innate and due to genetic programming

Instinct Theory

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The idea that physiological needs creates an arousal state that drives the organism to reduce that need or to satisfy it

Drive-reduction Theory

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The maintenance of a steady internal state. (body temp, energy level)

Homeostasis

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positive or negative stimuli that lure or repel us that motivates behavior. (reward)

Incentives

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The urge for the optimum level of stimulation. When all biological needs are met, we are driven for more stimulation.

Arousal Theory

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A Hierarchy of Motives

The concept that some needs take priority over others.

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Self-transcendence needs

need to find meaning
and identity above the self

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Self-actualization needs

need to live up to our
fullest and unique potential

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Esteem needs

need for self-esteem, achievement,
independence, respect from others

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Theory that people are actively growth oriented but to reach optimal human functioning the three psychological needs including autonomy, competence, and relatedness must be satisfied.

Deci and Ryan’s Self-Determination Theory
(STD)

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the need to determine, control and organize one’s own behavior and goals so that they are in harmony with one’s own interests and values.

Autonomy

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the need to learn and master appropriately challenging tasks.

Competence

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the need to feel attached to others and experience a sense of belongingness, security, and intimacy.

Relatedness

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The Self-determination theory identifies what as a universal motive.

competence

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the desire to direct behavior toward excelling, succeeding, or outperforming others at some task.

Achievement motivation

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in eating behavior, the anticipated or heightened anticipation of the pleasure of consuming a particular food.

Positive Incentive Value theory

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over-eating helps build energy reserves for times when food may be scarce or unavailable.

Evolutionary Perspective

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in eating behavior, the feeling of fullness and diminished desire to eat after eating a meal.

Satiation

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the biological category of male or female as defined by physical differences and genetic composition and reproduction anatomy.

Sex

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the cultural social and psychological meanings that are associated with masculinity and femininity.

Gender

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What motivates sexual behavior?

Testosterone: sex hormone that plays a part in sexual activity and motivation in both men and women

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the beliefs and expectations people hold about the typical characteristics, preferences, and behavior of men and women.

Gender-role stereotypes

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Topics of Research Between the Sexes

1. Personality Differences 2. Cognitive Differences 3. Social Differences 4. Sexual Attitudes and Behaviors

Men and women are very similar in which factors?

social, personality, and cognitive

theory that gender roles are acquired through the basic processes of learning, including reinforcement, punishment, and modeling.

Social Learning Theory (of gender-role development)

theory that gender-role development is influenced by the information of schemes or mental representations of masculinity and femininity.

Gender Schema Theory

What are women and men valued on in sociecty?

Women: youth and attractiveness. Men:financial security, material resources, high status and education, financial prospects.

Name the phases of Master’s and Johnson: the Sexual Response Cycle.

1. Excitement phase 2. Plateau phase 3. Orgasm 4. Resolution phase

a consistent disturbance in sexual desire, arousal, or release that causes psychological distress and interpersonal difficulties.

Sexual dysfunction

Clinicians rate sexual dysfunction based on whether it is...

lifelong or acquired and generalized or situational.

the direction of a person’s emotional and erotic attraction toward members of the opposite sex, same sex, or both sexes.

Sexual Orientation

One's sense of masculinity or femininity.

Gender Identity

a condition where a person experiences discomfort or distress because there's a mismatch between their biological sex and gender identity.

Gender Dysphoria

Present research regarding issues related to gender focus on the following:

Genetics, environmental factors, biological factors, and differences in brain function and Structure.

any of several forms of nontraditional sexual behavior in which a person’s sexual gratification depends on an unusual sexual experience, object, or fantasy.

The Paraphilias

individual becomes psychologically dependent on the target of desire and are unable to experience sexual arousal unless this target is present in some form. Must experience the condition for at least 6 months and cause personal distress to self or others.

Essential feature of a paraphilic disorder

What are the different Paraphilias

Exhibitionism Frotteurism Fetishism Transvestic fetishism Pedophilia Voyeurism (Most common paraphilia.) Sexual sadism Sexual masochism

genetic, hormonal and sensory factors. Issues with the temporal lobe which is believed to alter sexual arousal combined with early physical or sexual abuse.

biological theories of paraphilia

maladaptive responses to traumatic events

Psychological/Social theories of paraphilia

Paraphilia treatments and most effective

CBT Empathy training Impulse control training Relapse prevention Most effective is castration

Emotions: a complex psychological state that involves:

1. physiological arousal 2. behavioral/expressive behaviors 3. conscious/subjective experience including thoughts and feelings

Emotions are absorbed in the body in how long?

Six seconds

Difference between moods vs. emotions

Moods tend to be longer lasting, minutes, hours, and days. Emotions may only last seconds to minutes. Emotions are about something specific, such as a person or Situation. Moods are much more diffuse (spread out) with no identifiable Object. This is why it’s easier to identify an emotional trigger but not the cause of a mood. Moods also do not have unique facial expressions as opposed to universal emotions.

Most researchers agree there are a limited number of basic emotions. What are they?

fear, surprise, anger, disgust, happiness/joy, sadness

Emotions were most commonly classified according to two dimensions:

1. degree to which it is pleasant or unpleasant and 2. the level of activation or arousal associated with the emotion.

What is the third dimension of emotions?

Interpersonal engagement: an emotion dimension reflecting the degree to which emotions involve other people.

your feelings follow your body's response. Our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physical responses to emotional arousing stimuli.

James-Lange Theory

physical arousal and emotional experience occur Simultaneously. The emotion-triggering stimulus is routed simultaneously to the brain's cortex (causing the subjective awareness of emotion) and to the sympathetic nervous system (causing the body's arousal). However, they believe you can experience emotion even without sympathetic nervous system arousal

Cannon-Bard Theory

Cannon pointed out that _______ reactions are similar for many emotions, yet our _______ _________ of various emotions is very different.

Bodily, Subjective Experience

proposed by Schachter and Singer, to experience emotion one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal.

Two-factor theory

the theory that emotional responses are triggered by cognitive evaluation. We can’t experience emotion unless we perceive a reason for it. However, unlike Schachter and Singer, you don’t need physical arousal to experience emotion.

Cognitive-appraisal theory of emotions

the state you are in can determine the emotion experienced in the next situation.

Spillover effect

The autonomic nervous system controls

our Arousal

The sympathetic division releases

stress hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine which increase the heart rate, blood sugar levels, blood pressure, etc. in times of Emergency

an automatic physiological reaction to an event that is perceived as stressful or Frightening. Triggered by the sympathetic nervous system, the adrenal glands release norepinephrine into the bloodstream

Fight or Flight Response

the capacity to understand and manage your own emotional experiences and to perceive, comprehend, and respond appropriately to the emotional responses of yourself and others.

Emotional Intelligence

The Cortex is

the thinking part of the brain.

The Amygdala is

the emotional control center of the brain.

Neural pathways are responsible for

instinctual fear responses that occur when you perceive a threatening stimulus

What causes an immediate emotional response that results with reacting without thinking and emotions ruling our behavior.

When emotional reactions bypass the cortex and travel from the thalamus directly to the amygdala, (the thalamus-amygdala pathway)

The most universally understood way of expressing emotion is

through facial expressions

Unlike facial expressions, _________ are not universal and vary within different cultures.

Gestures

facial expressions of emotion can trigger or intensify the subjective experience of that emotion.

Facial feedback hypothesis (effect)

What comes from observational learning: learning through watching, not experiencing?

Fear

Best way to respond to anger is through _________ ____________. Best response to anger is ____________.

Emotional intelligence, Forgiveness

the happier you are, the more you do for others. The adaptation-level phenomenon: our tendency to form judgments relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experiences.

Feel-good, do-good phenomenon

the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself.

Relative deprivation

refers to self-perceived happiness

Subjective well-being

when we imitate another's expression, we are more likely to feel what they feel.

Empathy and Facial Feedback: