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Test 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is bulimia nervosa

A

Binge
Thoughts of uncontrolled overeating

Results in: vomiting, fasting

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2
Q

Prevalence bulimia

A

Most of the time women, 90-95%
Peak age 15-21y
Number of binges on average 10 per week

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3
Q

Binges (feelings n after)

A

Feeling of tension, powerlessness

After: extreme blame, guilt, depression, fear of weight gain

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4
Q

Medical complications of bulimia

A

Decay of tooth enamel
Cavities
Abdominal pain
Stress on internal organs
Dependence on laxatives
No period

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5
Q

What is it Anorexia nervosa

A

Intense fear of gaining weight
Distorted body image
Extreme weight loss

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6
Q

Treatment Anorexia
Initial aim and most common hospitalized techniques (2)
Necessary weight gain time

A

Restore proper weight/eating
Maybe hospitalized: supportive nursing care, high calorie diets
Necessary weight gain achieved after 8-12 weeks

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7
Q

Treatment anorexia
Behavioural

A

Monitor feelings, hunger, eating behaviours

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8
Q

Treatment anorexia
Cognitive

A

Build autonomy/self awareness
Recognize need for control
Correct cognitive distortions

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9
Q

Treatment anorexia
Family therapy

A

Separation, boundaries

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10
Q

Anorexia struggle %

A

20% struggle for years

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11
Q

Causes of eating disorders
Psychodynamic

A

Disturbed mother-child interactions (ego deficiencies)

Child unaware of own needs
-> so turn to someone/smth to tell you you’re hungry

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12
Q

Causes of eating disorders
Cognitive

A

Dysfunctional beliefs about self/body image
Black&white thinking

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13
Q

Causes of eating disorders
Behavioural

A

Rewarded by losing weight
Relieves anxiety

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14
Q

Causes of eating disorders
Biological factors

A

*Genetic predisposition
-> relative more likely to develop ED

*Serotonin-Regulates mood & appetite
->low levels of serotonin found in anorexia ppl
->women who have recovered have higher serotonin levels

*Hypothalamus dysfunction

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15
Q

Causes of eating disorders
Societal pressures

A

Standards of female attractiveness
Socially accepted prejudice against fat ppl

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16
Q

Causes of eating disorders
Sociocultural pressures

A

Role of media

More male: 5-10%
Job linked (like models, body builders, swimmers)
Reverse anorexia (biggorexia)
Obsessed with muscle
-> abuse steroids
Don’t want to be skinny
->want to be strong

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17
Q

Causes of eating disorder
Family pressures

A

Communication patterns
->overinvolvement of parents->poor ego boundaries

Values
->perfectionism

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18
Q

Tx Bulimia
Initial aim

A

Eliminate binge-purge pattern
Eliminate underlying cause
Education (teach, spread info on it)

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19
Q

Tx bulimia
Behavioural

A

Diaries, exposure, response prevention

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20
Q

Tx bulimia
Cognitive

A

Change in attitude, challenge thoughts that trigger binges

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21
Q

Tx bulimia
If all tx ineffective, do:
(Steps)

A

Interpersonal tx (IPT)
1. Role disputes
2. Role transitions
3. Unresolved grief
4. Interpersonal deficits

Basically, improve relationships/communications to help w mental health

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22
Q

Tx bulimia
(3)

A

Psychodynamic therapy
Family/group therapy
Self help groups or self care manuals

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23
Q

Tx bulimia
Antidepressants meds

A

SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor)
Helps 25-40% patients
Works best with psychotherapy

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24
Q

Bulimia if treated/not

A

Not: Lasts several years
Treated: improvement in 40% of cases

BUT relapse common: stress triggers

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25
Q

Substance disorder
Film clip
3 kids

A

Patients w schizo smoked marijuana

Tyler: smoked->heard voices
Melanie: addiction to weed->became manic
Ben: “”->saw demons, heard voices

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26
Q

How weed affects u depends on ur genes..2

A

COMT->regulates dopamine levels
Met COMT
Val COMT

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27
Q

DSM-5 substance addiction:

A

Pattern of maladaptive behaviours and reaction from repeated use of substance

->physical dependence (unfonctionable without it)
->tolerance (needs higher dose to feel)
->withdrawal reactions (sluggish, depressed, hangover)

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28
Q

Prevalance substance abuse
Alc
Can

A

Rewarding so keeps using it

Alcohol: 20-24y more likely (likely to report harm due to alcohol use)

Cannabis: use increased from 15% to 21%
Men more likely to use than women

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29
Q

Types of drugs (name them)

A

Depressants
Stimulants
Hallucinogens

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30
Q

Type of drugs
Depressants
Describe, top3, negative effects

A

Slows activity in CNS

3 top ones
Alcohol
Opioids
Sedative drugs

Ex. Alcohol increases GABA (relaxation)

Negative affects:
societal, physical, health costs
Impacts memory, fetal alcohol syndrome
Death

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31
Q

Type of drugs
Stimulants
Explain, top3, negative effects

A

Increases CNS activity

Top3: cocaine, amphetamine, caffeine, nicotine

Ex: cocaine increases dopamine (a rush)

Negative effects: mania, paranoia, psychosis, post cocaine depression, death

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32
Q

Type of drugs
Hallucinogens
Describe, top3, negative effects

A

Hallucinations, sensory changes

Top3: LSD, cannabis, acid

Ex: cannabis high in THC causes hallucinations

Negative effects: memory problems, anxiety, suspicion, accidents, psychosis

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33
Q

Substance abuse
Theoretical perspectives

Sociocultural view

A

Stressful socioeconomic conditions (poverty effect)
Develops in families/environment where substance is valued/accepted

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34
Q

Substance abuse
Theoretical perspectives

Psychodynamic view

A

Lacks of parental nurturing which leads to developing addictive personality

ID too powerful (i want what i want idc abt conseq)

People use drugs to feel better (self medicating)
Ex. Someone w anxiety drinks to endure social situations

35
Q

Substance abuse
Theoretical perspectives

Cognitive behavioural view

A

Operant conditioning: drugs reduce tension (rewarding) so do more of it!
Expect to feel good/do it when feeling bad

Classical conditioning: conditioned stimulus present during drug taking to produce craving

36
Q

Substance abuse
Theoretical perspectives

Biological view

A

Genetic predisposition (research w animals)
->if parents like it, child likes it

Adoption studies: children’s alcohol use more similar to biological parents

Could be to dopamine (D2) receptors

37
Q

Substance abuse
Theoretical perspectives

Biochemistry

A

Drugs activate pleasure in brain (reward system)
->happens in medial forebrain bunde

38
Q

2 competing theories:
Biological view
Name and describe

A

Incentive sensitization theory:
After chronic use of drugs/alcohol, reward system becomes hypersensitive

Reward deficiency syndrome:
reward system doesn’t respond normally (D2 not functioning) to normal pleasurable life events so to compensate w drugs/alcohol especially when stressed

39
Q

Substance abuse
Psychodynamic treatment

A

Unconscious needs/conflicts: talk about it in therapy

Not well supported/may be harmful->stresses client more

40
Q

Substance abuse
Behavioural treatment

A

Aversion therapy:
Based on classical conditioning principle
Ex. Showing a gay man naked men if erected-> electro shock
Most commonly applied to alcoholism
Covert sensitization: negative mental image when thinking of alcohol

41
Q

Substance abuse
Cognitive behavioural tx

A

Identify/change patterns/thoughts contributing to substance misuse
Relapse prevention training:
Gain control over substance related behaviours

42
Q

Substance abuse
Process of relapse 5 steps
Ex. Alcohol

A
  1. Activating stimuli
  2. Drinking thinking
  3. Facilitating beliefs
  4. Fantasising/planning
  5. Taking action (relapse)
43
Q

Substance abuse
Preventing relapse 5 steps
Ex. Alcohol

A
  1. Seek safe situations
  2. Control drinking thoughts
  3. Control beliefs
  4. Deny permission
  5. Take alternative action (resist)
44
Q

Substance abuse
Biological treatment
2 types of addiction meds

A

Drug withdrawal and detox
->treat w antidepressants (especially w alcohol n cocaine)

Alcohol addiction meds
-> naltrexone: blocks alcohol effect, reduces cravings, injection once a month: if drink, causes nausea/vomiting

Heroin/opiode addiction meds
->methadone, buprenorphine: suppress cravings/withdrawal symptoms

Best in combo
Works in short term

45
Q

Substance abuse
Sociocultural treatment

A

Most common: AA
But it may worsen matters

46
Q

Behavioural addictions

A

Gambling, shopping, sex, internet etc
Many features similar to drug/alcohol abuse:
Preoccupation: thinking about it a lot
Worsened by stress
Go thru withdrawal
Depression, anxiety if can’t do it

47
Q

Personality disorders
Personality definition
Normal and disordered

A

Unique and long term pattern
Consistent
Healthy people: personality is flexible, able to adapt

Personality disorders: inflexible
Rigid pattern: affects emotions, relationships, behaviours and perceptions

48
Q

Personality disorders
Prevalance

A

Can get worse after experiencing loss
Symptoms relatively stable over time
Very difficult to treat

49
Q

Personality disorder
Classifying PDs
Name them

A
  1. Cluster A (odd)
  2. Cluster B (dramatic)
  3. Cluster C (anxious)
50
Q

Odd personality disorders (cluster A)

A

Display behaviours similar to schizophrenia
Rarely seek treatment

51
Q

Personality disorders
Cluster A (odd)
3 types
Name them

A

Paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal

52
Q

Paranoid (cluster A)

A

Deep distrust/suspicion
Usually not level of delusional

53
Q

Schizoid (cluster A)

A

Avoids social relationships
Limited emotion expression
Fewer than 5% of ppl
Men more likely than women

54
Q

Schizotypal (cluster A)

A

Extreme discomfort in relations
Odd/bizarre ways of thinking/actions
Poor ability to focus
Not very productive
More men than women
APATHY

55
Q

Causes general Cluster A (odd)
In psychodynamic:
In cognitive:
In biological:

A

Psychodynamic:
Demanding/rejecting abusive parents

Cognitive:
Disorders/deficiencies in thinking

Biological:
Genetic causes, maybe too much DA

56
Q

Treatment for Cluster A

A

Often forced into therapy
->distrusts/rebel against therapists
Tx takes years

57
Q

Tx Cluster A
Psychodynamic

A

Work towards satisfying relationships

58
Q

Tx cluster A
Cognitive

A

Evaluate emotions perceptions

59
Q

Tx cluster A
Behavioural

A

Teach social skills

60
Q

Tx cluster A
Meds

A

Generally useless except for schizotypal (antipsychotic drugs)

61
Q

Dramatic personality (cluster B)
4 types
Name them

A

Behaviours: dramatic, emotional, erratic
Damages personal relationships

Antisocial
Borderline
Histrionic
Narcissistic

62
Q

Cluster B
Antisocial (psychopaths/sociopaths)
Explain

A

Disregard/violate others rights
Linked to adult criminal behaviour (18+ get diagnosed)
Prone to developping addictions/risky sexual/violent behaviours
Impulsive
4x more in men
Lack empathy
End up arrested

63
Q

Cluster B
Borderline
Explain

A

Instability in mood, self image, relationships
Impulsivity
Suicidal actions/threats (to manipulate others)
-> fear of abandonment
70% diagnosis are women

64
Q

Cluster B
Histrionic
Explain

A

Extreme emotions
Manufacture drama bcuz: attention seeking, center of attention
Need for approval/praise
Self centred

65
Q

Cluster B
Narcissistic
Explain

A

Need admiration
Lack empathy
Exaggerate achievements
Arrogant
Manipulation
18+ to be diagnosed

66
Q

Causes of cluster B disorders
Antisocial
Psychodynamic
Behavioural
Cognitive
Biological

A

Psychodynamic:
No parental love->lack of basic trust

Behavioural:
Modeling/reinforcement
Ex. Parent only paid attention when u misbehave

Cognitive;
Believe other ppls needs are unimportant

Biological:
Low serotonin levels/lower levels of arousal (engagement in things, takes risk, thrills)

67
Q

Personality disorders
Film clip summary
Biological roots of sociopathy

A

Damage in lobital cortex (front part of frontal lobe)
Genetic factors: all killer men had same gene missing (POMT gene) warrior gene
No orbital cortex activity, no lobital cortex activity
Stand off-ish characteristics in personality
Impulsive
Whether you have warrior gene or not, childhood context important if you become violent or not

68
Q

Causes Cluster B
Psychodynamic
Biological
Sociocultural

Borderline

A

Psychodynamic:
Lack of acceptance by parents
(Sexual) abuse

Biological
Reactive amygdala+underactive prefrontal cortex
Lower serotonin levels

Sociocultural
Unstable societies that experience rapid change

69
Q

Causes Cluster B
Psychodynamic
Biological
Sociocultural

Histrionic

A

Psychodynamic:
Unloved, afraid of abandonment-> so invents crises

Cognitive
Believe can’t care for themselves->so finds caregiver

Sociocultural
Society’s norms/expectations of women being emotional/unstable

70
Q

Causes Cluster B
Psychodynamic
Cognitive
Sociocultural

Narcissistic

A

Psychodynamic:
Rejecting parents (emotional abuse, lost parents, divorce, death)
Grandiosity= in order to feel self sufficient

Cognitive-behavioural:
Overvalue self worth bcuz parents hold them on a pedestal

Sociocultural:
Linked to eras of narcissism in society-> happens historically

71
Q

Treatment for cluster b
Antisocial

A

No effective tx
Little motivation to change->forced into tx

Cognitive therapy:
Moral issues, needs of others

Meds dont help

72
Q

Treatment cluster b
Borderline

A

Improvement possible (but v difficult clients)

Dialectical behaviour therapy:
Relationship disturbance, poor sense of self, needs of others

Meds can help, BUT high risk of suicide attempts

73
Q

Treatment cluster B
Histrionic

A

More likely to seek tx
Difficult to work with

Cognitive:
Change helplessness, better problem solving

Meds: not helpful, except to relieve depression in some

74
Q

Treatment cluster B
Narcissistic

A

VERY difficult to treat
-> seek tx only due to depression bcuz others dont see how amazing they are
Often manipulate therapists
No tx is very successful

75
Q

3 types of Anxious personality disorder
Cluster C

A

Anxious/fear behaviour
Research very limited

  1. Avoidant
  2. Dependent
  3. Obsessive compulsive
76
Q

Cluster C
Avoidant

A

Discomfort in social situations
Feelings of inadequacy
Sensitive to negative evaluations
Like social anxiety but instead of situations, its fear of close relationships w ppl

77
Q

Cluster C
Dependant

A

Excessive need to be taken care of
Clingy, needy, obedient, unable to make decisions
Fear of separations
Depression/suicide thoughts (prone to ED)

78
Q

Cluster C
Obsessive compulsive

A

Preoccupation:
Order, perfection and control
Unreasonably high standards
Superficial relationships

79
Q

Causes Cluster C
Psychodynamic
Behavioural
Cognitive

Avoidant

A

Psychodynamic:
Shame, anal stage fixation

Cognitive:
Assume always judged

Behavioural:
Lack social skills

80
Q

Causes Cluster C
Psychodynamic
Behavioural
Cognitive

Dependent

A

Psychodynamic:
Unresolved oral stage conflicts, lifelong need for nurturance

Behavioural:
Rewarded for clinginess and punished for independance

Cognitive:
2 beliefs: helpless, must find protector

81
Q

Causes Cluster C
Psychodynamic
Cognitive

Obsessive compulsive

A

Psychodynamic:
Anal regression

Cognitive: cognitive distortions maintain disorder

82
Q

Treatment cluster C
Avoidant

A

Acceptance/affection in therapy
Group tx, practice social skills
Meds (anti anxiety/antidepressants)

83
Q

Tx dependent
Psychodynamic
Cognitive/behavioural

A

Psychodynamic:
similar to tx for depression

Cognitive/behavioural:
Target beliefs of helplessness
Assertiveness training

Meds can help (antidepressants)

Group tx

84
Q

Tx obsessive compulsive

A

Unlikely to seek tx
May use psychodynamic/cognitive therapy
Meds (SSRI)

Psych Disorders (4 decks)

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