TEST 3

Question 1

Define cancer

Answer 1

A large group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells

Question 2

What type of tumor is this?

Answer 2

Benign tumor
relatively harmless, doesnt spread
May create pressure on organs
SUrgery usually recommended

Question 3

What type of tumor is this

Answer 3

Malignant tumor

Question 4

What are risk factors for tumors?

Answer 4

Genetics
Environmental
Carcinogens
Drugs

Question 5

What are 4 viral carcinogens?

Answer 5

Epstein barr - birketts lymphoma
HIV - Kaposis sarcoma
Hep B - heptocellular carcinoma
Human papillomavirus - squamous cell carcinomas

Question 6

What are the SEVEN cancer warning signs?
CAUTION?

Answer 6

Change in bowel/bladder habits
A sore throat that doesnt heal
Unusual bleeding/discharge
Thickening or lump
Indegesting or diff swallowing
Obvious change in wart or mole
Nagging cough or hoarsness

Question 7

What does Positron emission tomography do?

Answer 7

Reveals pattern of tissue metabolism
Iv with isotype dye
Iv w. fluids
ID brain/breast tumors
*also used to see if treatment worked

Question 8

What does CT do?

Answer 8

Look for masses
Also used to see where to put radiology

Question 9

What does Radionuclide scan​do

Answer 9

Bone scan

Question 10

1.

Grades of tumors
GX
1
2
3
4

Answer 10

GX - cannot be determined
1 - well differentiated, looks normal
2 - Moderately well differentiated
3 - Poorly differentiated but tissue if origin can be established
4 - Poorly differentiated and tissue may be impossible to determine

Question 11

What is staging a tumor used for

Answer 11

Method of identifying the extent of the disease
A systematic search for the characteristics of the primary tumor

Question 12

TNM staging
TX, T0, T1S, T1, T2, T3, T4

Answer 12

Tx - no primary tumor can be assessed
T0 - No evidence of primary tumor
T1S - Carcinoma is Situ - only in most superficial layer of tissue usually a precursor
T1, T2, T3, T4 - increasing size and extent of primary tumor

Question 13

Neutropenia

Answer 13

Low neutrophils (50-70% of WBC)
Primary defense against infection
Destroys bacteria in blood

Question 14

Neutropenic precautions

Answer 14

Watch for infection
Private room
Hand washing
Mask on patient during transport
Avoid raw or uncooked foods

Question 15

What are anticancer drug adverse reactions

Answer 15

Bone marrow suppression
Nausea/vomit
ANorexia
Gi disturbance
Alopecia
Avoid pregnancy

Question 17

What are some other Diagnostic tools used to test for cancer?
CBC
Metabolic
Stool
Cytologic

Answer 17

CBC - unexplained anemias
Metabolic - cushings, hypercalcemia, SIADH
Stool - check for blood
Cytologic - Pap, sputum, growth

Question 18

Chemo agents are potentially very irritating to the veins and surrounding tissues. They are called

Answer 18

VESSICANTS…

Question 19

What is superior vena cava syndrome?
Define
S/S
Treatment

Answer 19

Blood is obstructed back to the right heart.

Results in edema of the face, neck and upper extremities…later hypoxia to brain, cyanosis, other S & S of < CO​
SOB, Distended veins, Headache,

Treatment - O2, Diuretics, Radiation/Chemo, Stenting, Surgery

Question 20

How can cancer cause SAIDH?
Define
S/S
Treatment

Answer 20

Certain cancers can produce ADH independently

S/S - Nausea, fatique, confusion, seizure, coma,
Treatment - Fluid restriction, cancer treatment, meds, hypertonic saline,

Question 21

Tumor lysis syndrome
Define
Results in
Treatment

Answer 21

Cancer cells rupture from the radiation or treatment they’re getting. Shows treatment is working!
But results in severe hyper K+ and Hyperuricemia, hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia

Treat.. Dialysis, Kaexalate Treat > 6.O…
Manage electrolytes

Question 22

Stomatitis

Answer 22

Side effects of radiation and some chemo that refers to inflammatory process of mucous membranes of mouth.

Changes in sensation, redness, edema, ulcers, bleeding, infection
DIff swallowing, speech, nutrition, coping

Palifermin, IV med