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211 > FINAL > Flashcards

FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

What is the endocrine system

A

Complex communication network composed of glands and glandular tissue that make, store and secrete chemical messengers called hormones.

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2
Q

What does endocrine system do?

A

Reproduction
Growth and development
Fluid and electrolyte balance
Energy metabolism
Host defense
Respond to stress and injury

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3
Q

What is hypothalamus

A

Organ in the brain that secretes factors that can directly inhibit or stimulate the pituitary

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4
Q

What are hormones of anterior pituitary?

A

Growth hormone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Thyroid stimulating hormone
Follicle stimulating hormone
Luteinizing hormone
Prolactin
Melanocyte

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5
Q

What are hormones of post pit?

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin

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6
Q

What does Growth hormone and Adrenocorticotropic hormone do?

A

GH –stimulates development of bones, muscles and organs
ACTH – Controls growth/devep and function of cortex of adrenal glands – regulates secretion of adrenal hormones - increased in response to stress

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7
Q

What does Thyroid stimulating hormone and Follicle stimulating hormone do?

A

TSH – Controls secretion of thyroid gland
FSH = Stimulates develop of eggs

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8
Q

What does Luteinizing hormone
Prolactin
Melanocyte

A

LH – Stim breast milk
Prolaction – stimulate breast milk
Melanoxyte – skin pigment

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9
Q

What does Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and
Oxytocin do?

A

ADH – Causes reabsorption of water
Oxytocin – contraction in labor and breast milk

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10
Q

What are diseases of Anterior Pit?

A

Hypersecretion of ACTH= Cushing’s Disease (neoplasm of gland)
Hypersecretion of Growth Hormone = Giantism
Hypersecretion of Growth Hormone = Acromegaly

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11
Q

What are diseases of Post Pit?

A

Hypersecretion of ADH=SIADH

Hyposecretion of ADH= DI

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12
Q

What are diseases of Adrenal cortex?

A

Insufficient secretion= Addison’s Disease

Acute adrenal insufficiency=Adrenal Crisis

Hyperfunction= Cushing’s Syndrome

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13
Q

What are diseases of Adrenal medulla?

A

Hyperfunction=Pheochromocytoma

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14
Q

Pituitary adenoma

A

Tumor
More common in women, teens to 30’s
-Amenorrhea, abnormal milk and hypothyroidism

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15
Q

Gigantism
-Define
-Tx

A

Secretion of GH in children before fusion of epiphyseal growth plates. Can be 7-8ft tall
TX - drug therapy, radiation, surgery

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16
Q

DI - Post pit disorder
Define
S/S
24 urine output?

A

Excessive output of dilute urine
ADH deficiency or inability of kidneys to respond to ADH
Massive diuresis, dehydration, thirst, malaise, lethargy, irritability
24 hr urine greater than 4 L

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17
Q

Adrenal glands
Medulla?
Cortex?

A

Medulla – surrounded by adrenal cortex
Secretes norepinephrine, epinephrine - Stimulate sympathetic nervous system
Function to adapt to stress (fight or flight) and maintain hemostasis

Cortex - Essential for maintaining many life-sustaining physiological activities

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18
Q

What steroids does the cortex produce?

A

Mineral corticoids / sugar
Aldostorone - promotes reabsorbtion of sodium & secretion of potassium
Glucocorticoids / salt
Cortisol - needs to be present for other processes, control metabolism, reg antiinflamm and immune, emotional states
Androgens or estrogens

19
Q

What are signs of adrenal crisis?

A

LIFE THREATENING EMERGENCY
Profound fatigue
Hypotension, tachycardia, confusion
Dehydration
Vascular collapse
Renal shut down
Serum NA derease - hyponatremia
Serum K increase - hyperkalemia
Hypercalcemia
Hypoglycemia

20
Q

What is most common cause of anterior pit disorder?

A

TUMORS
S/S - headache, visual disturbances

21
Q

What can cause adrenal crisis?

A

Sudden decrease in available adrenal hormones
Adrenal surgery, pit destruction, abrupt withdrawl from steorids, stress

22
Q

Pheochromocytoma
S/S

A

Continually in fight or flight state
PRIMARY S/S Arterial HTN
Excessive sweating
Palpitations
Headhache
Hyperventilation
Flushing
Cardiomegaly
CHF
Vent failure

23
Q

Pheochromocytoma-
Pre-op
Post-op

A

Pre-op
Stimulant free diet
Bedrest
Regitine (alpha adrenergic blocker) and/or Minipress
Inderal

Post op
Monitor for Hypovolemic shock caused by rapid relaxation of constricted blood vessels!
Monitor for transient hypertensive episodes

24
Q

What are the organs of the urinary system

A

Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary Bladder
Urethra

25
Q

Function of kidneys (6)

A
  • Remove liquid waste from blood in form of urine
  • Stable balance of salts and other substances in blood
  • produce erthopoietin
  • Remove nitrogenous waste
  • Blood filter
  • Homeostatic organ
26
Q

What enters the renal artery?

A

Blood waste and water

27
Q

What enters renal vein?

A

Blood without waste or excess water

27
Q

What diuretics work at the proximal tubule?
MOA
Used for?

A

Osmotics and Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
(Mannitol)
-Increase osmolality and sodium reabsorbtion
-Used to prevent kidney failure and decrease intrcranial and intraocular pressure

28
Q

What diuretics work at the loop of henle?

A

Loop diuretics (Furosemide)
Used to get water off quickly

29
Q

What diuretics work at the distal tubule?
MOA
Used for?

A

Thiazides (Hydrochlorothiazide)
* Promote sodium, water and chloride excretion
* Used HTN and peripheral edema
* Immediate diuresis

30
Q

What diuretics work at the Collecting tubule?
MOA
Used for

A

Potassium sparing (triamterene)
* Promote sodium and water excretion and potassium retention
* Cardiac patients

31
Q

Prerenal failure

A

Decreased blood flow to glomeruli / HTN
SPB 70mmHg needed for glomerular filtration

32
Q

Intrarenal failure

A

INSIDE KIDNEY
Nephrotoxic agents
Infections
HTN, DM, trauma

33
Q

Postrenal failure

A

Causes urine to back up
Obstructions

34
Q

What are phosphorus and calcium used for?

A

Maintain strong bones, teeth

35
Q

What does excess phosphate in the blood do?

A

Bone damage, heart disease
May need vit D supplement

36
Q

What is dialysis

A

Passage of molecules through semipermeable membrane into special solution called dialysate solution

To restore acid base balance, remove toxins

37
Q

Dialysis is based on what 3 principles?

A

Diffusion - mvmt of particles across semi permeable membrane from higher to lower concentration
Osmosis - mvmt of particles from areas of lesser solute to area of greater solute concentration
Ultrafiltration - mvmt of fluid as a result of pressure gradient

38
Q

Who needs dialysis?
A
E
I
O
U

A

Acid base problems
Electrolyte problems
Intoxications
Overload of fluids
Uremic symptoms

39
Q

Goals of dialysis?

A

Remove products of protein metabolism
Maintain safe serum electrolye concentrations
Correct acidosis, replenish bicarb buffer system
Remove excess fluid from blood

40
Q

Complications of hemodialysis?

A

Hypovolemic shock
Blood loss
Electrolyte imbalance
Air embolus

41
Q

Peritoneal dialysis
Define
MOA
Temporary
Long term

A
  • Uses the patient’s own peritoneum as a semipermeable dialyzing membrane
  • Fluid instilled into peritoneal cavity
  • Waste products drawn into the fluid, which is then drained from the peritoneal cavity
  • May be temporary or permanent
    Temporary: catheter inserted into the peritoneal cavity through the abdominal wall
    Long-term: catheter is implanted into the peritoneal cavity
42
Q

What are post kidney transplant rejection signs

A

Hyperacute - w/in48hrs, High fever, organ must be removed
Acute - 1wk to 2years, Oliguria, ^temp and bp, lethargy, ^ bun, K, creatinine, fluid retention
Chronic - Gradual , ^ in BUN, creatinine, proteinuria, fatigue

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