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Systems > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

The afferent neuron is _____ neuron in the sensory system

A

1st order

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2
Q

Where does the afferent (1st order neuron) enter the CNS?

A

At the dorsal horn

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3
Q

Efferent neurons are ____, which cell bodies are in the anterior horn and it’s axon is in the _____. It’s role is to innervate its motor unit.

A
  • Alpha
  • peripheral nervous system
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4
Q

Stretch reflex is monosynaptic meaning…

A

It only has 2 neurons in its reflex arc

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5
Q

What is the purpose of the stretch reflex?

A

To protect the muscle belly from overstretch injury

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6
Q

Reflex arc of stretch reflex is…

A

1a -> a (alpha motor neuron)

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7
Q

1a -> a synapse causes ____

A

Excititation

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8
Q

What is 1a releasing toward a during stretch reflex arc?

A

Acetylcholine

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9
Q

Muscle stretch reflex arc: the stretch of the muscle spindle causes reflex contraction

A
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10
Q

What is the purpose of GTO reflex?

A

To protect the tendon from overstretch injury

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11
Q

What is the GTO reflex arc?

A

1b (sensory neuron) -> interneuron -> a (alpha motor neuron)

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12
Q

What does the interneuron of the gto reflex arc release into its synapse with a (alpha motor neuron)?

A

An inhibitory neurotransmitter

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13
Q

1b release ____ towards the interneuron which activates it. The interneuron releases _____, which is inhibitory toward a

A
  • Acetylcholine
  • Gaba
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14
Q

Simple inverse stretch reflex arc: the stretch of Golgi tendon organ causes reflex inhibition (relaxation)

A
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15
Q

Reciprocal inhibition: 1a synapses with the interneuron for the reciprocal inhibition reflex. When 1a of a muscle is activated by stretch in addition to initiating stretch reflex response it also activates a _____in the partner muscle.

A
  • relaxation response
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16
Q

These internal muscle fibres, _____, will add to the stretch detected by 1a if they shorten or reduce the stretch detected by 1a if they are relaxed.

A
  • intrafusal fibres
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17
Q

The efferent neurons that innervate the intrafusal fibres which cell bodies are in the anterior horn…

A

Y motor neurons

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18
Q

What is spasticity?

A

Muscle hypertonia as a result of exaggerated, dysregulated reflex responses.

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19
Q

Spasticity: the ability of the hmc to exert their balance of excitation and inhibition is compromised by some type of upper motor neuron injury or disease caused damage.

A
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20
Q

Spasticity typically results from____ lesions

A

White matter (where myelin is)

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21
Q

Spasticity vs Rigidity:

Which is caused by white matter lesions typically in the the pyramidal tract (i.e upper motor neurons)
- brain injury
- SC compression
- Motor neuron disease

A

Spasticity

[rigidity is typically seen in extrapyramidal lesions i.e parkinson’s]

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22
Q

Spasticity vs Rigidity:

Which has increased muscle tone even at rest and is usually present during PROM?

A

Rigidity

[spasticity generally only occurs during muscle stretch and usually accompanied by increased tendon reflexes and a Babinskis’s response.

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23
Q

Spasticity vs Rigidity:

Which has more resistance in one direction than the other and more tone in initial part of movement?

A

Spasticity

[Rigidity has the same resistance in all directions and affects all mm surrounding a particular joint equally]

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24
Q

Spasticity vs Rigidity:

Which is velocity dependent. And more rapid movement triggers a stronger involuntary contraction or “catch” of affected muscles.

A

Spasticity

[ Rigidity is not velocity dependent and does not vary with speed of movement of m groups involved]

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25
Q

The spinal cord runs from the ____ to _____

A
  • The base of the skull
  • L1/L2
26
Q

List the meninges in order from outer to most inner

A

Dura Mater, Arachnoid Mater, Pia Mater

27
Q

The Spinal vertebrae

__ vertebrae
__ cervical
__ Thoracic
__ Lumbar
__ Sacral
__ cocygeal

A
  • 33
  • 7
  • 12
  • 5
  • 5
  • 4
28
Q

Enlargements at the vertebral bodies exist at ___ as well as from ___

A
  • C5 - T1
  • L2 - S2

This is because these areas have a lot of nerves coming from them. They are enlarged to protect these nerves which receive a lot of information.

29
Q

Right and Left Motor output nerve rootlets branch out _____

A
  • ventrally (anteriorly)
30
Q

Right and Left sensory (input) nerve rootlets branch____

A

Dorsally (posteriorly)

31
Q

Mixed motor and sensory nerves are…

A

Spinal nerves. Made up of ventral and dorsal roots.

32
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

___ cervical
___ thoracic
___ lumbar
___ sacral
___ coccygeal

A
  • 31 pairs
  • 8
  • 12
  • 5
  • 5
    -1
33
Q

Where does the spinal cord end in adults? What does this form?

A
  • L1/L2
  • Conus Medullaris
34
Q

Which spine has spinal nerves exit above the corresponding vertebra?

A
  • The cervical spine

(Spinal nerves in the Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral and coccygeal spines exit below their corresponding vertebra)

35
Q

Central grey matter contains…

A

Neuronal cell bodies and synapses

36
Q

Peripheral white matter contains…

A

Ascending Sensory (afferent signals) and Descending Motor (efferent signals) pathways

37
Q

Interneurons determine _______ of spinal cord

A
  • reflex response (spinal reflexes)
38
Q

_____ pathways usually start with “spino-“ and end w/ the name of the brain region where they first synapse

A
  • ascending sensory
39
Q

What is the signal transmitted by the Anterior Spinothalamic Tract?

A

Crude touch (non discriminative)

40
Q

What is the signal transmitted by the Lateral Spinothalamic tract?

A

Pain and Temp

41
Q

What is the signal transmitted by the Dorsal columns?

A

Discriminative touch, vibration, conscious proprioception

42
Q

What is the signal transmitted by the spinocerebellar tract?

A

Unconcious proprioception

43
Q

Which ascending tracts are located in the lateral white matter?

A

Lateral Spinothalamic tract & Spinocerebellar tract

44
Q

Which tracts ascend contralaterally?

A

Anterior Spinothalamic and Lateral Spinothalamic

45
Q

Which tracts ascend ipsilaterally?

A

Dorsal column and Spinocerebellar

46
Q

Which ascending tracts decussate immediately upon entry into the SC?

A

Anterior Spinothalamic and Lateral Spinothalamic

47
Q

Where does the dorsal column tract decussate?

A

The Brain stem (medulla)

48
Q

Where does the spinocerebellar tract decussate?

A

It does not cross over

49
Q

Deacending motor pathways begin with the region of the brain that give rise to fibres and end with the suffix “-spinal”

A
50
Q

What is the signal transmitted by the corticospinal a.k.a Pyramidal tracts?

A

Voluntary Skeletal muscles

51
Q

What is the signal transmitted by extra-pyramidal tracts?

A

Involuntary skeletal (dampens erratic motions, maintains muscle tone)

52
Q

Where is the extra-pyramidal tract located in the SC?

A

Lateral white matter

53
Q

The Corticospinal tract (a.k.a pyramidal) is located ___ in lateral white matter & ___ in anterior white matter of the SC

A
  • 80%
  • 20%
54
Q

Does the corticospinal tract descend the SC contralaterally or ipsilateral?

A
  • both
55
Q

Does the extra pyramidal tract descend the SC contralaterally or ipsilaterally?

A

Ipsilateral

56
Q

Where does the corticospinal tract decussate?

A

At the brainstem & at spinal level

57
Q

Where does the extra-pyramidal tract decussate?

A

At spinal level

58
Q

At which vertebral levels do SCIs occur more frequently?

A
  • c5 to c7
  • T10 - T12
  • L1 - L2
59
Q

When are secondary injuries reversible?

A

4 to 6 hours after the injury

60
Q

Injured neurons in the SC will release ____ which when present in large concentrations is toxic to other neurons

A
  • glutamate
61
Q

How long can neurogenic shock lasts?

A

7 - 10 days

62
Q

Occurs following SC innuries only

A
  • spinal shock

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