T4 Test 1 Flashcards
What are the borders of the thoracic cage and mm that protect the lungs?
Superiorly:
Inferiorly:
Anteriorly and laterally:
Posteriorly:
Superiorly: cervical mm
Inferiorly: diaphragm
Anteriorly and laterally: ribs, sternum, intercostal mm
Posteriorly: thoracic vertebrae
The ___ lung has 3 lobes, the ____ lung had 2 lobes
- right
- left
____ carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart, to the lungs for oxygenation
- pulmonary arteries
Pulmonary veins carry ___ blood from the lungs, to the left atrium of the heart
- oxygenated
What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
- gas exchange
Where does gas exchange take place?
In the respiratory airways at the alveolar level
_____ is expelled once oxygen is used to form ___ at the cellular level
- carbon dioxide
- ATP
What are the structures of the upper respiratory tract?
All structures lying above the larynx
- sphenoidal sinus
- frontal sinus
- nasal cavity
- pharynx
What are the structures of the lower respiratory tract?
All structures of the respiratory tract below and including the larynx
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi
- Lungs
What structures make up the conducting zone?
- nasal passages
- mouth
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi
- bronchioles
What structures make up the respiratory zone?
- respiratory bronchioles
- alveolar ducts
- alveoli
What is the difference between the conducting zone and the respiratory zone?
Conducting zone is made of structures the physically make a passageway of air into the body. The respiratory zone is made of structures where gas exchange takes places.
The trachea bifurcates into the left and right primary bronchi at the level of___
- T4
List the branching of the trachea and bronchi as they progress into the lungs from superficial to deep
Trachea -> left & right primary bronchi -> secondary bronchi -> teritary bronchi -> bronchioles -> terminal bronchioles
What are the 3 types of alveolar cells?
- simple squamous epithelium walls with fibroblasts
- septal cells
- macrophages
Air moves into the lungs when alveolar pressure is ___ than atmospheric pressure
- less
Air moves out of the lungs when the aveolar pressure is ____ than atmospheric pressure
- greater
Between coughing and sneezing which clears the lower respiratory tract and which clears the upper respiratory tract?
- coughing clears the lower respiratory tract
- sneezing clears the upper respiratory tract
Where are cough receptors located?
In the larynx and region where trachea bifurcates (carnia)
What is the difference between a productive cough and effective cough?
- A productive cough produces expectorant
- an effective cough needs adequate strength and coordination, but may or may not be productive
The sneezy reflex is usually initiated by…
- Mild irritation of the receptors in the lining of the nasal cavity carried via trigeminal nerve, CN V
What is dyspnea?
Shortness of breath, normal symptom of heavy exertion
In 85% of cases, shortness of breath is due to…
Asthma
pneumonia
cardiac ischemia
interstitial lung disease
congestive heart failure
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
psychogenic causes
Oxygen debt
What is the breathlessness position? What is it used for?
The breathlessness position can be used to compensate for dyspnea. This requires the patient to sit forward with elbows on knees, or allowing the abdomen to drop forward and gravity assist in diaphragmatic excursion.
Define Ectopic & Ectopic Pregnancy
Ectopic: a normal process occuring in an abnormal location
Ectopic Pregnancy: a pregnancy occurring outside the uterus
A disseminated infection in the pelvoabdominal cavity. Typically bacterial, occasionally fungal…
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
What ate the most common causes of PID?
- from IUDs
- complication of childbirth, miscarriage, abortion
- from gynecological surgeries
- gonorrhea
What is salpingitis?
Fallopian tube infection. Often referred to as the first event in typical PID.
What is dysmenorrhea?
Painful menstruation
What is dyspareunia?
Female had deep achy pelvic pain following sexual activity, especially intercourse
True or false: when a patient has active PID, most abdominal massage is indicated.
False. Abdominal massage is contraindicated, relaxing, reflexive techniques may be used to reduce pain/tension
True or false: cool/cold, abdominal hydrotherapy can be especially helpful to reduce pain. Inflammation and promote blood flow deep into the pelvic abdominal structures when a patient has active PID.
True
True or false: any manual manipulation may help spread the organism when a patient has active PID
True
True or false: deep manual work can promote endometrial membrane dissemination, and may damage already stressed structures.
True
In the case of ovarian cysts is it okay to apply specific direct pressure?
No, specific direct pressure should never be applied to ovaries. Avoid local direct massage. Keep in mind size and position of enlarged ovary.
Testicular cancer is a dangerous cancer type which means…
It metastasizes early and into vital organs like the liver & brain
A very specific type of pain that feels like a strong pull between the scrotum and the perineum can often be misdiagnosed as a groin pull injury but could be an early s/s of…
Testicular cancer
Why is catheterization and RMT alert?
It can be a cause of autonomic dysreflexia
Dysuria, oliguria, polyuria, hematuria and achy pelvic Bassin pain syndrome can be signs and symptoms of…
Prostatitis - inflammation of the prostate usually caused by bacterial infection, but not exclusively
Potential cause of low back pain in men that does not respond to Manual treatment could be…
Prostatic cancer
This is the most common cancer in men over 55. Tends to be slower progressing local metastasizing cancer, with more time for good prognosis detection…
Prostatic cancer
What are the two principal stages sleep is divided into?
- Non REM sleep (NREM) and REM (Rapid eye movement) Sleep
___ constitues 75 - 80% of total sleep
___ constitues 20 - 25% of total sleep
- NREM
- REM
Body is in strong Parasympathetic state w/ slow stable vital signs, body temp decreses and cerebral blood flow decrease during ….
NREM sleep
This cycle increases over an 8hr sleep with most of it occurring in the last third. The brain is very active, blood flow increases and there are bursts of rapid eye movement, irregular patterns of blood pressure, heart rate and respiration. This is…
REM sleep
REM sleep includes sleep atonia which is…
Generalized muscle atonia, also called pseudo-paralysis
What is most impaired when people get 1 - 2 hrs less sleep than they should?
- REM sleep is most impaired
Newborns go directly into REM and spend about ____ of their sleep time there. % of REM slowly decreases to ___ but age 3.
- 50%
- 20 - 25%
__ sleep consolidates declarative memory (fact storage)
__ consolidates procedural memory (skills and processes - often referred to as implicit knowledge) and emotional restoration and processing
- deep sleep
- REM
80% of dreaming occurs in ___. Dreams tend to be vivid, complex and emotionally layered.
- REM
This is the key area of the brain involved in sleep/wake regulation, insures rapid transition between a sleep and awake states…
Hypothalamus
An excitatory neurotransmitter responsible for the activation aspects of REM sleep, and plays a role in a awakening
Acetylcholin
An inhibitory neurotransmitter that acts in different parts of the hypothalamus to promote sleep onset and shifts within the stages of the ultradian cycle
GABA
Hormone secreted by pineal glands as part of the circadian rhythm with maximal secretion at night. It stimulates the hypothalamus to promote sleep and related processes.
Melatonin
A breakdown product of ATP it accumulates in the brain as a result of neuron metabolism. As it increases in concentration it begins to inhibit arousal promoting neurons. Caffeine is believed to block it.
Adenosine
Neuropeptides produced by hypothalamic neurons, responsive to the circadian clock. Associated with wakefulness and related autonomic states, they stimulate arousal to help bring the person out of sleep, or to override the sleep urge.
Hypocretins a.k.a. orexins
These neurotransmitters are all all weakness, promoters, and our loss active during sleep
Serotonin, norepinephrine, histamine
S/s of actue bronchitis
- productive intense cough
- general malaise, extreme fatigue, mm aches, chest pain
- dyspnea, cyanosis
- sore throat stuffy nose
- headache
- wheezing & use if accessory mm
What are the three main types of COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)
- emphysema
- bronchiectasis
- Chronic bronchitis
COPD is associated with…
An abnormal reaction of the lungs to inhaled noxious particles/gases
What are some causes of COPD
- cigarette smoking
- secondhand smoke
- possible relationship to air pollution / environmental factors
- Destruction of alveolar walls and capillary beds supplying the alveoli - leading to abnormal, permanent enlargement of the air space
- damage to elastic fibres
- lung compliance increases but recoil is decreased
These are complications of …
Emphysema
True or False: Pxs with advanced emphysema are described as “blue bloaters”
False: they are described as “pink puffers” (fighters)
Right side of heart failure d/t right side of heart being forced to work harder to overcome increased resistance at lungs d/t pulmonary vessel damage /constriction / obstruction. This is…
COR pulmonae
The exercise prolongs the exhalation phase which increases back pressure in airways and helps protect collapse of the airway. It can be used for Pxs with emphysema.
Pursed lip breathing exercise
The presence of a chronic persistent cough with suptum for 3 months in at least 2yrs is called…
Chronic bronchitis
What are the three types of chronic bronchitis
- simple chronic bronchitis
- chronic asthmatic bronchitis
- obstructive chronic bronchitis
- tenacious, thick purulent sputum that is difficult to expectorate through chronic cough
- tachypnea
- CNS fails to maintain normal blood-oxygen and carbon dioxide pressures in advanced stages
These are s/s of…
Chronic bronchitis
Pxs with chronic bronchitis are often called …
- blue bloaters (non fighters)
Rapid weight gain is more often seen in ___ d/t sedentary lifestyle. Possibly leading to diabetes and HBP
- chronic bronchitis
What can you give Pxs with chronic bronchitis as self care?
- Facial steams with essential oils
- Deep coughing exercise
Chronic obstructive, pulmonary disease involving abnormal permanent dilation of medium sized conducting bronchi due to weakening of the muscular and elastic components of the bronchial walls. This is…
Bronchiectasis
Causes of bronchiectasis
- primary lung infection (pneumonia or TB)
- occasionally will develop d/t blockage by foreign object
- smoking causing emphysema/chronic bronchitis which h can lead to brochiectasis
Bronchiectasis is a CI for massage therapy if infection is present
What are the two types of infection related respiratory pathologies
- pneumonia
- Tuberculosis
What are the stages of lobar pneumonia?
- congestion, red hepatization, gray hepatization, resolution
Pleurisy is…
A complication of pneumonia where there is abscess formation and spread of infection to the pleural cavity. And replacement of exudate by fibroblasts.
Highly virulent infectious disease spread by airborne transmission
Tuberculosis
Stage 3 is ____ tuberculosis which occurs when a ghon focus ruptures and reactivates the disease
- secondary TB
