T4 Test 1 Flashcards
What are the borders of the thoracic cage and mm that protect the lungs?
Superiorly:
Inferiorly:
Anteriorly and laterally:
Posteriorly:
Superiorly: cervical mm
Inferiorly: diaphragm
Anteriorly and laterally: ribs, sternum, intercostal mm
Posteriorly: thoracic vertebrae
The ___ lung has 3 lobes, the ____ lung had 2 lobes
- right
- left
____ carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart, to the lungs for oxygenation
- pulmonary arteries
Pulmonary veins carry ___ blood from the lungs, to the left atrium of the heart
- oxygenated
What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
- gas exchange
Where does gas exchange take place?
In the respiratory airways at the alveolar level
_____ is expelled once oxygen is used to form ___ at the cellular level
- carbon dioxide
- ATP
What are the structures of the upper respiratory tract?
All structures lying above the larynx
- sphenoidal sinus
- frontal sinus
- nasal cavity
- pharynx
What are the structures of the lower respiratory tract?
All structures of the respiratory tract below and including the larynx
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi
- Lungs
What structures make up the conducting zone?
- nasal passages
- mouth
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi
- bronchioles
What structures make up the respiratory zone?
- respiratory bronchioles
- alveolar ducts
- alveoli
What is the difference between the conducting zone and the respiratory zone?
Conducting zone is made of structures the physically make a passageway of air into the body. The respiratory zone is made of structures where gas exchange takes places.
The trachea bifurcates into the left and right primary bronchi at the level of___
- T4
List the branching of the trachea and bronchi as they progress into the lungs from superficial to deep
Trachea -> left & right primary bronchi -> secondary bronchi -> teritary bronchi -> bronchioles -> terminal bronchioles
What are the 3 types of alveolar cells?
- simple squamous epithelium walls with fibroblasts
- septal cells
- macrophages
Air moves into the lungs when alveolar pressure is ___ than atmospheric pressure
- less
Air moves out of the lungs when the aveolar pressure is ____ than atmospheric pressure
- greater
Between coughing and sneezing which clears the lower respiratory tract and which clears the upper respiratory tract?
- coughing clears the lower respiratory tract
- sneezing clears the upper respiratory tract
Where are cough receptors located?
In the larynx and region where trachea bifurcates (carnia)
What is the difference between a productive cough and effective cough?
- A productive cough produces expectorant
- an effective cough needs adequate strength and coordination, but may or may not be productive
The sneezy reflex is usually initiated by…
- Mild irritation of the receptors in the lining of the nasal cavity carried via trigeminal nerve, CN V
What is dyspnea?
Shortness of breath, normal symptom of heavy exertion
In 85% of cases, shortness of breath is due to…
Asthma
pneumonia
cardiac ischemia
interstitial lung disease
congestive heart failure
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
psychogenic causes
Oxygen debt
What is the breathlessness position? What is it used for?
The breathlessness position can be used to compensate for dyspnea. This requires the patient to sit forward with elbows on knees, or allowing the abdomen to drop forward and gravity assist in diaphragmatic excursion.
Define Ectopic & Ectopic Pregnancy
Ectopic: a normal process occuring in an abnormal location
Ectopic Pregnancy: a pregnancy occurring outside the uterus
A disseminated infection in the pelvoabdominal cavity. Typically bacterial, occasionally fungal…
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
What ate the most common causes of PID?
- from IUDs
- complication of childbirth, miscarriage, abortion
- from gynecological surgeries
- gonorrhea
What is salpingitis?
Fallopian tube infection. Often referred to as the first event in typical PID.
What is dysmenorrhea?
Painful menstruation
What is dyspareunia?
Female had deep achy pelvic pain following sexual activity, especially intercourse
True or false: when a patient has active PID, most abdominal massage is indicated.
False. Abdominal massage is contraindicated, relaxing, reflexive techniques may be used to reduce pain/tension