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Systems > Systems Test 2 > Flashcards

Systems Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Modifiers of afferent transmission as it travels from tissues to the brain is an example of?…

A

Ascending Modulation

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2
Q

Descending modulation is often called

A

Central Modulation

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3
Q

Descending Modulation can be used to…

A

Weaken or suppress sensory experience of pain and other types of stimuli

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4
Q

Parts of the cortex, thalamus, insula, amygdala and the hypothalamus collaborate to release endogenous opioids called…

A

Endorphins and enekphalins

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5
Q

Anaesthesia definition

A

Absence of any sensation. The stimulus does not produce any of the expected sensation.

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6
Q

Diminished sensation; the experience matches the nature of the stimulus, but is less strong than expected. This is…

A

Hypaesthesia

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7
Q

Heightened or exaggerated sensation; the experience accurately matches the stimulus, but produces an exaggerated or unexpectedly strong response. This is…

A

Hyperaesthesia

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8
Q

Parasthesia can be defined as…

A

Abnormal sensations (e.g ‘pins and needles’, ‘prickling’, ‘bugs crawling on skin’). The sensation experience does not correlate with the stimulus. This can occur when there is reduced blood flow to a nerve.

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9
Q

What is Dysaesthesia?

A

When a Paraesthesic sensation is painful. (E.g ‘hot pokers’, ‘electric burning’ or feels like it’s on fire. A dramatically strange and painful type of sensory experience.

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10
Q

Instead of expected sensation, an innocuous stimulus like a feather touch results in pain. A usual pain experience is being created in response to a normally non-noiceptive stimulus. This is…

A

Allodynia

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11
Q

Hypalgesia is…

A

When the response to a nociceptive stimulus is weak. (This can be seen as hypaestheisa of pain). The sensation is not as strong as predictable because of the stimulus.

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12
Q

Heightened sensitivity to painful stimuli; the person experiences an unexpectedly strong pain intensity as compared to the predicted response to the stimulus. This is…

A

Hyperalgesia a.k.a Hyperalgia

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13
Q

One of the brain areas most involved in controlling voluntary movements…

A

The motor cortex

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14
Q

The body’s position in space comes from…

The goal to be attained comes from…

Memories from past strategies comes from…

A

Parietal lobe

Anterior portion of the frontal lobe

Temporal lobe

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15
Q

There is some degree of reduced tone in the motor system, creating a lower resting tone and weaker/slower recruitment of power. This is…

A

Generalized Hypotonia

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16
Q

Primary HMC for overall coordination, integration of elements within movement command packages

A

Cerebellum

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17
Q

What does SSS stand for? And which HMC is responsible?

A

Sequencing, speed, synchronicity

Cerebellum

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18
Q

Generalized incoordination

A

Dyssynergia/Asynergia

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19
Q

Body parts tremor during purposeful activity. Tremor intensifies as the activity proceeds…

A

Intention Tremor

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20
Q

Dysmetria is…

A

Failure to pinpoint a.k.a pass-pointing. Inability to bring a body part in an accurate efficient path to a target

21
Q

Combo of intention tremor and dysmetria pertaining to the eyes. When attempting to focus on a visual target, the eyes rapidly shimmy back-and-forth.

A

Nystagmus

22
Q

Dysdiadochokinesia is…

A

Impaired ability to perform rapidly alternating movements typically when requiring a mirrored pattern with matching limbs

23
Q

What is vertigo?

A

 vertigo is hallucination of movement either of the persons body, or of the external environment or both

24
Q

Drunken sailors gait a.k.a…

A

Dystaxia/Ataxia

25
Q

Key HMC in oversight of reflexiive relationships in the motor system

A

Basal Ganglia

26
Q

This HMC has a major role in the motor aspects of emotion expression, especially of reflexive/involuntary facial expressions

A

Basal Ganglia

27
Q

What is a resting tremor

A

 body part tremors, when not engaged in purposeful activity

28
Q

Hypokinesia

A

Movement is slow, effortful

29
Q

What is Bradykinesia and what is Akinesia?

A

 Bradykinesia is slow movement initiation. Akinesia is inability to initiate movement.

30
Q

what is festination?

A

Often described as “shuffling gait”. Person has difficulty starting to walk often will throw the upper body forward to create momentum starts slowly, but picks up speed and often cannot change course slow down or stop efficiently may include episodes of freezing.

31
Q

Writhing action (snake-like, worm-like), usually occurring BL at the wrist can be the ankles or whole legs

A

Athetosis

32
Q

What is Ballism?

A

Large scale, explosive sudden movement of a body part.

33
Q

What is dystonia?

A

 body part migrates into an extreme position and freezes there for a period of time.

34
Q

Body parts, enact, a circular or cyclical swaying movement, usually repeated in a loop

A

Dyskinesia

35
Q

Receives input from multiple areas within each hemisphere. integrate sensory info and also connections between sensory and motor areas. Often linked to complex functions.

A

Association areas

36
Q

Association areas work together on the same functions as…

A

Sensory info

Safety/fight or flight

Creation

Moving from place to place

Improving and refining motor activities

37
Q

Pathway for voluntary movement…

A

Pyramidal system

38
Q

Most fibres in the pyramidal system cross to …. Side at the medulla

A

The contralateral

39
Q

Pathway for coordination of movement and control posture and muscle tone…

A

Extrapyramidal system

40
Q

Synapses directly in the anterior/ventral horn of the spinal cord with interneurons and the lower motor neurons innervating mm in the limbs and trunk

A

Corticospinal tract

41
Q

Synapses directly with the cranial neurons to control muscular movements of the face, head, neck.

A

Corticobulbar tract

42
Q

Pathways for involuntary control. No direct control of the motor cortex or basal ganglia on the spinal cord, but indirectly via nuclei in the midbrain and brainstem.

A

Indirect a.k.a extrapyramidal/ postural/involuntary pathways

43
Q

Sets the baseline level of activity in alpha motor neurons and helps regulate muscle length and tone. Responsible for maintaining rhythmic, phasic behaviour such as walking, but does not initiate movement.

A

The gamma system

44
Q

Originates from the red nuclei and terminates at synapsing with interneurons in the spinal cord. Responsible for modulation of flexor mm tone, modulation of reflex activity and inhibition of anti gravity mm.

A

Rubrospinal Tract

45
Q

Originates from the superior colliculus of the midbrain. Primarily responsible for mediating reflex responses to visual stimuli-in voluntary adjustment of head position in response to visual information.

A

Tectospinal tract

46
Q

Do vestibular tracts decussate?

A

No, they provide ipsilateral innervation.

47
Q

This tract does not decussate is subdivided into medial and lateral tracts and is responsible for locomotion and postural control.

A

Reticulospinal tract

48
Q

Brainstem pathways that project to the Spinal Cord?

A

Extrapyramidal, reticulospinal, vestibulospinal, rubrospinal & tectospinal tracts

Systems (5 decks)

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