Systems Test 2 Flashcards
Modifiers of afferent transmission as it travels from tissues to the brain is an example of?…
Ascending Modulation
Descending modulation is often called
Central Modulation
Descending Modulation can be used to…
Weaken or suppress sensory experience of pain and other types of stimuli
Parts of the cortex, thalamus, insula, amygdala and the hypothalamus collaborate to release endogenous opioids called…
Endorphins and enekphalins
Anaesthesia definition
Absence of any sensation. The stimulus does not produce any of the expected sensation.
Diminished sensation; the experience matches the nature of the stimulus, but is less strong than expected. This is…
Hypaesthesia
Heightened or exaggerated sensation; the experience accurately matches the stimulus, but produces an exaggerated or unexpectedly strong response. This is…
Hyperaesthesia
Parasthesia can be defined as…
Abnormal sensations (e.g ‘pins and needles’, ‘prickling’, ‘bugs crawling on skin’). The sensation experience does not correlate with the stimulus. This can occur when there is reduced blood flow to a nerve.
What is Dysaesthesia?
When a Paraesthesic sensation is painful. (E.g ‘hot pokers’, ‘electric burning’ or feels like it’s on fire. A dramatically strange and painful type of sensory experience.
Instead of expected sensation, an innocuous stimulus like a feather touch results in pain. A usual pain experience is being created in response to a normally non-noiceptive stimulus. This is…
Allodynia
Hypalgesia is…
When the response to a nociceptive stimulus is weak. (This can be seen as hypaestheisa of pain). The sensation is not as strong as predictable because of the stimulus.
Heightened sensitivity to painful stimuli; the person experiences an unexpectedly strong pain intensity as compared to the predicted response to the stimulus. This is…
Hyperalgesia a.k.a Hyperalgia
One of the brain areas most involved in controlling voluntary movements…
The motor cortex
The body’s position in space comes from…
The goal to be attained comes from…
Memories from past strategies comes from…
Parietal lobe
Anterior portion of the frontal lobe
Temporal lobe
There is some degree of reduced tone in the motor system, creating a lower resting tone and weaker/slower recruitment of power. This is…
Generalized Hypotonia
Primary HMC for overall coordination, integration of elements within movement command packages
Cerebellum
What does SSS stand for? And which HMC is responsible?
Sequencing, speed, synchronicity
Cerebellum
Generalized incoordination
Dyssynergia/Asynergia
Body parts tremor during purposeful activity. Tremor intensifies as the activity proceeds…
Intention Tremor
Dysmetria is…
Failure to pinpoint a.k.a pass-pointing. Inability to bring a body part in an accurate efficient path to a target
Combo of intention tremor and dysmetria pertaining to the eyes. When attempting to focus on a visual target, the eyes rapidly shimmy back-and-forth.
Nystagmus
Dysdiadochokinesia is…
Impaired ability to perform rapidly alternating movements typically when requiring a mirrored pattern with matching limbs
What is vertigo?
 vertigo is hallucination of movement either of the persons body, or of the external environment or both
Drunken sailors gait a.k.a…
Dystaxia/Ataxia
Key HMC in oversight of reflexiive relationships in the motor system
Basal Ganglia
This HMC has a major role in the motor aspects of emotion expression, especially of reflexive/involuntary facial expressions
Basal Ganglia
What is a resting tremor
 body part tremors, when not engaged in purposeful activity
Hypokinesia
Movement is slow, effortful
What is Bradykinesia and what is Akinesia?
 Bradykinesia is slow movement initiation. Akinesia is inability to initiate movement.
what is festination?
Often described as “shuffling gait”. Person has difficulty starting to walk often will throw the upper body forward to create momentum starts slowly, but picks up speed and often cannot change course slow down or stop efficiently may include episodes of freezing.
Writhing action (snake-like, worm-like), usually occurring BL at the wrist can be the ankles or whole legs
Athetosis
What is Ballism?
Large scale, explosive sudden movement of a body part.
What is dystonia?
 body part migrates into an extreme position and freezes there for a period of time.
Body parts, enact, a circular or cyclical swaying movement, usually repeated in a loop
Dyskinesia
Receives input from multiple areas within each hemisphere. integrate sensory info and also connections between sensory and motor areas. Often linked to complex functions.
Association areas
Association areas work together on the same functions as…
Sensory info
Safety/fight or flight
Creation
Moving from place to place
Improving and refining motor activities
Pathway for voluntary movement…
Pyramidal system
Most fibres in the pyramidal system cross to …. Side at the medulla
The contralateral
Pathway for coordination of movement and control posture and muscle tone…
Extrapyramidal system
Synapses directly in the anterior/ventral horn of the spinal cord with interneurons and the lower motor neurons innervating mm in the limbs and trunk
Corticospinal tract
Synapses directly with the cranial neurons to control muscular movements of the face, head, neck.
Corticobulbar tract
Pathways for involuntary control. No direct control of the motor cortex or basal ganglia on the spinal cord, but indirectly via nuclei in the midbrain and brainstem.
Indirect a.k.a extrapyramidal/ postural/involuntary pathways
Sets the baseline level of activity in alpha motor neurons and helps regulate muscle length and tone. Responsible for maintaining rhythmic, phasic behaviour such as walking, but does not initiate movement.
The gamma system
Originates from the red nuclei and terminates at synapsing with interneurons in the spinal cord. Responsible for modulation of flexor mm tone, modulation of reflex activity and inhibition of anti gravity mm.
Rubrospinal Tract
Originates from the superior colliculus of the midbrain. Primarily responsible for mediating reflex responses to visual stimuli-in voluntary adjustment of head position in response to visual information.
Tectospinal tract
Do vestibular tracts decussate?
No, they provide ipsilateral innervation.
This tract does not decussate is subdivided into medial and lateral tracts and is responsible for locomotion and postural control.
Reticulospinal tract
Brainstem pathways that project to the Spinal Cord?
Extrapyramidal, reticulospinal, vestibulospinal, rubrospinal & tectospinal tracts
