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Microbiology > Test #3 > Flashcards

Test #3 Flashcards

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0
Q

Metabolism includes reactions that breakdown complex molecules into less complex molecules, releasing energy

A

This category of reactions is termed at CATABOLISM

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1
Q

Metabolism includes reactions that use energy to make more complex molecules

A

This category of reactions is termed as ANABOLISM

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2
Q

Why does a bacterium need enzymes to break down glucose when the breakdown releases energy anyways?

A

Needed to reduce activation energy to make it happen at a faster rate

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3
Q

What affects does an enzyme have on the overall release of energy in an energy producing reaction?

A

The enzyme does not affect overall energy, only activation energy

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4
Q

Your critical bacterial culture is exposed to a toxin that acts as a competitive inhibitor of an essential reaction. What can you do to rescue your bacteria?
(You cannot remove the toxin)

A

Increase the amount of substrate in the reaction

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5
Q

______ is the total of all chemical reactions in the cell and is divided into two parts.

A

Metabolism

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6
Q

The breakdown of large molecules for energy

A

Catabolism

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7
Q

When smaller pieces are combined to make larger ones

A

Anabolism

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8
Q

Catabolism are fueling reactions that generate precursors for biosynthesis from ______-_______ reactions that provide ________ sources.

A

Energy conserving

Electrons

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9
Q

The synthesis of complex organic molecules from simpler ones and requires ________ from _______ reactions.

A

Energy

Catabolic

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10
Q

Each step of metabolism requires an ________ which are specifically made for each reaction

A

Enzyme

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11
Q

_______ are needed to carry out reactions at physiological conditions so they proceed in a timely manner.

A

Enzymes

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12
Q

Enzymes speed up the _______ at which a reaction proceeds towards ________.

A

Rate

Equilibrium

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13
Q

How are enzymes used to overcome constraints in the body?

A

They lower the activation energy which is important because the cells in the body cannot be heated, metals and salt concentrations cannot be changed.

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14
Q

Substrates have ______ energy than products

A

More

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15
Q

The energy required to form transition-state complex

A

Activation energy

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16
Q

How do enzymes speed up the reaction?

A

They lower the activation energy

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17
Q

Overall the reaction to form the transition state complex gives off energy but is not _________.

A

Spontaneous

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18
Q

What happens when enzymes bind to their substrates?

A

They change their shape, which changes their energy, which changes their functions & facilitates chemical reactions.

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19
Q

Enzyme activity is significantly affected by…..

A

pH
Temperature
Substrate concentration

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20
Q

How does substrate concentration affect the enzyme activity?

A

They are “bumping” into each other

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21
Q

What does changes in pH and temperature do to enzyme activity?

A

Changes the shape without denaturing and affects the ability for the enzyme to do its job.

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22
Q

What happens when you increase substrate concentration

A

It increases the rate of reaction by decreasing activation energy which starts a reaction sooner.

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23
Q

Why is body temperature regulated?

A

To facilitate enzyme actions

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24
Q

What are the types of enzyme inhibition?

A

Competitive inhibition

Non-competitive (allosteric) inhibition

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25
Q

_____ _______ directly competes with the binding of substrates to the active site

A

Competitive inhibitor

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26
Q

Competitive inhibitors decrease function because of the ________ of inhibitor to substrate

A

Ratio

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27
Q

________ substrate can overcome inhibitor effect

A

Increase

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28
Q

What is needed for enzymes to function in competitive inhibition?

A

They must have their substrates in the active site

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29
Q

_______ ________ binds enzymes at sites other than the active site

A

Non-competitive (allosteric) inhibitor

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30
Q

How do allosteric inhibitors function?

A

They bind to different places than the substrate because the enzymes shake has been changed making it less active.

31
Q

______ ______ consists of mostly regulatory enzymes whose activity is altered by small molecules

A

Allosteric regulation (positive or negative).

32
Q

The allosteric effector binds to _______ at regulatory sites?

A

Non-covalently

33
Q

The allosteric effector changes ________ of the enzyme and alters activity of _______

A

Shape

Catalytic site

34
Q

The positive allosteric effector ______ _____ activity

A

Increases enzyme

35
Q

The negative allosteric effector ________ the enzyme

A

Inhibits

36
Q

In allosteric regulation, the __________ of inhibitor effects function

A

Concentration

37
Q

What if the allosteric effector binds to the enzyme and never let’s go? What is an example?

A

You have a poison enzyme that’ll never work again. Ex: penicillin cannot make the cell wall because more enzyme cannot be made since the allosteric effector is constantly bound to the enzyme.

38
Q

Thomas chech and Sidney Altman discovered that some _______ molecules can also _______ reactions

A

RNA

Catalyze

39
Q

Enzymes made of RNA

A

Ribozymes

40
Q

What are examples of ribozymes use?

A

Self splicing
Catalyzing peptides bond formation
And involved In self replication

41
Q

_______ reactions are both catabolic and anabolic

A

Amphibolic

42
Q

________ is needed for energy

A

ATP

43
Q

Why does ATP have more energy than ADP?

A

There’s more phosphates and phosphates contribute energy

44
Q

What contains the energy in ATP?

A

Phosphate bonds with electrons

45
Q

Where is the electron transport chain found?

A

It’s found in membranes, examples include: mitochondrial inner membrane, chloroplasts, and cell membranes of prokaryotes

46
Q

As electrons pass through the etc to the final electron acceptor, a __________ __________ ____________ is generated and used to synthesize ATP.

A

Proton motive force

47
Q

Simply defined as the moving of hydrogen used to make ATP

A

Proton motive force

48
Q

The final electron acceptor is oxygen

A

Aerobic respiration

49
Q

The final electron acceptor is not pure oxygen,

Ex: SO4 CO2

A

Anaerobic respiration

50
Q

What it’s the primary producer of ATP?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

51
Q

What are three types of chemoorganic fueling process ?

A

Aerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration
Fermentation

52
Q

Does aerobic or anaerobic respiration produce more ATP?

A

Aerobic

53
Q

Energy differences in ______ respiration allows for more energy release from O2

A

Aerobic respiration

54
Q

Which chemoorganic fueling process does not use the electron transport chain or protons time force

A

Fermentation

55
Q

Fermentation uses a _______ electron acceptor

A

Endogenous

56
Q

What is an endogenous electron acceptor?

A

Made by the cell already, and self contained; usually an intermediate of a pathway used to oxidize the organic energy source

57
Q

In fermentation how is ATP synthesized?

A

Substrate level phosphorylation

58
Q

The ____ ____ ___ utilizes movement of electrons from high to low energy which can be captured.

A

Electron transport chain

59
Q

The first Electron carriers in the ETC have the most _______ activation energy

A

Negative

60
Q

Since the first electron carrier is the most negative it results in the potential energy stored in the first redox couple to be _______ and. Used to form ATP

A

Released

61
Q

The first electron carrier in the ETC is ______ and electrons are moved tot he next carrier and so on

A

Reduced

62
Q

The Moving of electrons from molecule to molecule

A

ETC

63
Q

The. Electron transport chain of mitochondria is located in?

A

The plasma membrane

64
Q

Bacteria and archaea’s ETC resembles mitochondrial ETC in some ways. How do they differ?

A

Have different electron carriers
Maybe branched
Maybe shorter
May have lower phosphorous to oxygen level.

65
Q

The ETC of e. Coil is a _______ pathway

A

Branched

66
Q

The upper branch in the ETC of e. Coil has _______ phase and _____ aeration

A

Stationary

Low

67
Q

The lower branch of ETC of e. Coil has ______ phase nd _____ aeration.

A

Log

High

68
Q

The ETC of e. Coil has different aray of ______ used than in mitochondrial ETC

A

Cytochrome

69
Q

For the etc to be branched it must have a _______

A

Periplasmic space

70
Q

Given the apt synthase shown, write the stage of each beta subunit after one complete revolution of the gamma subunit relative to beta. (Write them next to each subunit shown)

A

ATP will form and a full turn occurs.

71
Q

A bacteria is an obligate anaerobes. What type of energy production does this bacteria use?

A

Aerobic respiration

72
Q

Give an example of a mechanism of gene regulation in a prokaryote that is not found in eukaryotes and explain why it is only possible in prokaryotes

A

Translation/transcription must occur simultaneously in prokaryotes and in eukaryotes it’s at different times.

73
Q

In the trp operon, is the repress or bound to DNA or floating free in the presence of tryptophan?

A

Repress or is bound to DNA when trp is present and prevents polymerase from activating transcription.

74
Q

What would happen to the regulation of the trp operon if the operator was missing?

A

The regulator could never bind and turn off transcription -> regulation would have to solely rely on attenuation.

Microbiology (5 decks)

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