Test #3 Flashcards
Metabolism includes reactions that breakdown complex molecules into less complex molecules, releasing energy
This category of reactions is termed at CATABOLISM
Metabolism includes reactions that use energy to make more complex molecules
This category of reactions is termed as ANABOLISM
Why does a bacterium need enzymes to break down glucose when the breakdown releases energy anyways?
Needed to reduce activation energy to make it happen at a faster rate
What affects does an enzyme have on the overall release of energy in an energy producing reaction?
The enzyme does not affect overall energy, only activation energy
Your critical bacterial culture is exposed to a toxin that acts as a competitive inhibitor of an essential reaction. What can you do to rescue your bacteria?
(You cannot remove the toxin)
Increase the amount of substrate in the reaction
______ is the total of all chemical reactions in the cell and is divided into two parts.
Metabolism
The breakdown of large molecules for energy
Catabolism
When smaller pieces are combined to make larger ones
Anabolism
Catabolism are fueling reactions that generate precursors for biosynthesis from ______-_______ reactions that provide ________ sources.
Energy conserving
Electrons
The synthesis of complex organic molecules from simpler ones and requires ________ from _______ reactions.
Energy
Catabolic
Each step of metabolism requires an ________ which are specifically made for each reaction
Enzyme
_______ are needed to carry out reactions at physiological conditions so they proceed in a timely manner.
Enzymes
Enzymes speed up the _______ at which a reaction proceeds towards ________.
Rate
Equilibrium
How are enzymes used to overcome constraints in the body?
They lower the activation energy which is important because the cells in the body cannot be heated, metals and salt concentrations cannot be changed.
Substrates have ______ energy than products
More
The energy required to form transition-state complex
Activation energy
How do enzymes speed up the reaction?
They lower the activation energy
Overall the reaction to form the transition state complex gives off energy but is not _________.
Spontaneous
What happens when enzymes bind to their substrates?
They change their shape, which changes their energy, which changes their functions & facilitates chemical reactions.
Enzyme activity is significantly affected by…..
pH
Temperature
Substrate concentration
How does substrate concentration affect the enzyme activity?
They are “bumping” into each other
What does changes in pH and temperature do to enzyme activity?
Changes the shape without denaturing and affects the ability for the enzyme to do its job.
What happens when you increase substrate concentration
It increases the rate of reaction by decreasing activation energy which starts a reaction sooner.
Why is body temperature regulated?
To facilitate enzyme actions
What are the types of enzyme inhibition?
Competitive inhibition
Non-competitive (allosteric) inhibition
_____ _______ directly competes with the binding of substrates to the active site
Competitive inhibitor
Competitive inhibitors decrease function because of the ________ of inhibitor to substrate
Ratio
________ substrate can overcome inhibitor effect
Increase
What is needed for enzymes to function in competitive inhibition?
They must have their substrates in the active site
_______ ________ binds enzymes at sites other than the active site
Non-competitive (allosteric) inhibitor
How do allosteric inhibitors function?
They bind to different places than the substrate because the enzymes shake has been changed making it less active.
______ ______ consists of mostly regulatory enzymes whose activity is altered by small molecules
Allosteric regulation (positive or negative).
The allosteric effector binds to _______ at regulatory sites?
Non-covalently
The allosteric effector changes ________ of the enzyme and alters activity of _______
Shape
Catalytic site
The positive allosteric effector ______ _____ activity
Increases enzyme
The negative allosteric effector ________ the enzyme
Inhibits
In allosteric regulation, the __________ of inhibitor effects function
Concentration
What if the allosteric effector binds to the enzyme and never let’s go? What is an example?
You have a poison enzyme that’ll never work again. Ex: penicillin cannot make the cell wall because more enzyme cannot be made since the allosteric effector is constantly bound to the enzyme.
Thomas chech and Sidney Altman discovered that some _______ molecules can also _______ reactions
RNA
Catalyze
Enzymes made of RNA
Ribozymes
What are examples of ribozymes use?
Self splicing
Catalyzing peptides bond formation
And involved In self replication
_______ reactions are both catabolic and anabolic
Amphibolic
________ is needed for energy
ATP
Why does ATP have more energy than ADP?
There’s more phosphates and phosphates contribute energy
What contains the energy in ATP?
Phosphate bonds with electrons
Where is the electron transport chain found?
It’s found in membranes, examples include: mitochondrial inner membrane, chloroplasts, and cell membranes of prokaryotes
As electrons pass through the etc to the final electron acceptor, a __________ __________ ____________ is generated and used to synthesize ATP.
Proton motive force
Simply defined as the moving of hydrogen used to make ATP
Proton motive force
The final electron acceptor is oxygen
Aerobic respiration
The final electron acceptor is not pure oxygen,
Ex: SO4 CO2
Anaerobic respiration
What it’s the primary producer of ATP?
Oxidative phosphorylation
What are three types of chemoorganic fueling process ?
Aerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration
Fermentation
Does aerobic or anaerobic respiration produce more ATP?
Aerobic
Energy differences in ______ respiration allows for more energy release from O2
Aerobic respiration
Which chemoorganic fueling process does not use the electron transport chain or protons time force
Fermentation
Fermentation uses a _______ electron acceptor
Endogenous
What is an endogenous electron acceptor?
Made by the cell already, and self contained; usually an intermediate of a pathway used to oxidize the organic energy source
In fermentation how is ATP synthesized?
Substrate level phosphorylation
The ____ ____ ___ utilizes movement of electrons from high to low energy which can be captured.
Electron transport chain
The first Electron carriers in the ETC have the most _______ activation energy
Negative
Since the first electron carrier is the most negative it results in the potential energy stored in the first redox couple to be _______ and. Used to form ATP
Released
The first electron carrier in the ETC is ______ and electrons are moved tot he next carrier and so on
Reduced
The Moving of electrons from molecule to molecule
ETC
The. Electron transport chain of mitochondria is located in?
The plasma membrane
Bacteria and archaea’s ETC resembles mitochondrial ETC in some ways. How do they differ?
Have different electron carriers
Maybe branched
Maybe shorter
May have lower phosphorous to oxygen level.
The ETC of e. Coil is a _______ pathway
Branched
The upper branch in the ETC of e. Coil has _______ phase and _____ aeration
Stationary
Low
The lower branch of ETC of e. Coil has ______ phase nd _____ aeration.
Log
High
The ETC of e. Coil has different aray of ______ used than in mitochondrial ETC
Cytochrome
For the etc to be branched it must have a _______
Periplasmic space
Given the apt synthase shown, write the stage of each beta subunit after one complete revolution of the gamma subunit relative to beta. (Write them next to each subunit shown)
ATP will form and a full turn occurs.
A bacteria is an obligate anaerobes. What type of energy production does this bacteria use?
Aerobic respiration
Give an example of a mechanism of gene regulation in a prokaryote that is not found in eukaryotes and explain why it is only possible in prokaryotes
Translation/transcription must occur simultaneously in prokaryotes and in eukaryotes it’s at different times.
In the trp operon, is the repress or bound to DNA or floating free in the presence of tryptophan?
Repress or is bound to DNA when trp is present and prevents polymerase from activating transcription.
What would happen to the regulation of the trp operon if the operator was missing?
The regulator could never bind and turn off transcription -> regulation would have to solely rely on attenuation.
