test 3 Flashcards
what evidence shows that plants are related to green algae
evidence for this includes chemical and structural similarities, like the chloroplasts of plants and green algae contain the same photosynthetic pigments; in addition, like green algae, plants have cellulose-rich cell walls and use starch as a nutrient reserve, as well as similar DNA sequences
what group of green algae are plants most closely related to
charophyte
describe the challenges of a terrestrial existence that plants had to overcome
air provides less physical support than water and dries out the stem and leaves
four main groups of land plants
bryophytes, seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms, and angiosperms
cuticle and stomata
bryophytes
xylem and phloem
vascular plants
pollen and seeds
gymnosperms
flowers and fruits
angiosperms
coats leaves and stems, preventing water loss
cuticle
structure in leaves that permit gas exchange
stomata
how are materials transported in different types of plants
in bryophytes, they use cell-to-cell diffusion and in other plants they use vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)
significance of xylem and phloem
both are vascular tissue used for transportation; the xylem conducts water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the leaves and the phloem transports sugars produced in photosynthesis to the roots and other nongreen parts of the plants
_______ is a complex polymer that strengthens cell walls, the additional support from this polymer means that vascular plants can grow tall and form branches which is an important adaptation to sunlight
lignin
a plants life cycle; a multicellular diploid stage alternates with a multicellular haploid stage
alternation of generations
_____________ is the diploid generation in the alternation of generations; this is where some cells undergo meiosis and produce haploid spores that divide mitotically to form _________
sporophyte; gametophyte
____________ is the haploid generation in the alternation of generations; produces gametes by mitotic cell division, these sex cells fuse at fertilization which results in the first zygote of the next ______________ generation
gametophyte; sporophyte
bryophyte’s size and independence relative to the gametophyte and sporophyte generations
sporophyte: size relative to sporophyte -> varies ; depends on sporophyte for nutrition -> no
gametophyte: size relative to gametophyte -> varies ; depends on gametophyte for nutrition -> yes
vascular plants’ size and independence relative to the gametophyte and sporophyte generations
sporophyte: size relative to sporophyte -> small ; depends on sporophyte for nutrition -> no
gametophyte: size relative to gametophyte -> large ; depends on gametophyte for nutrition -> no
gymnosperms’ size and independence relative to the gametophyte and sporophyte generations
sporophyte: size relative to sporophyte -> microscopic ; depends on sporophyte for nutrition -> yes
gametophyte: size relative to gametophyte -> large ; depends on gametophyte for nutrition -> no
angiosperms size and independence relative to the gametophyte and sporophyte generations
sporophyte: size relative to sporophyte -> microscopic ; depends on sporophyte for nutrition -> yes
gametophyte: size relative to gametophyte -> large ; depends on gametophyte for nutrition -> no
haploid cells that develop into the gametophyte generation (present in all plant life cycles)
spores