lab prac 1 Flashcards
coccus
sphere shaped
bacillus
rod-like shape
spirillum
spiral or squiggle shaped
strepto-
chain-like structure
staphylo-
clustered structure
diplo-
paired structure
What does a bacterial colony look like on an inoculated petri dish (“naked eye” view)?
has a white, creamy color and is normally circular in shape
whiplike extension that rotates like a propeller
flagellum
short, hairlike projections made of protein
pili
a rigid barrier that surrounds the cells of most bacteria and archaea, gives a cell its shape
cell wall
the region where this DNA is located, along with some RNA and a few proteins
nucleoid
a sticky layer of proteins or polysaccharides that may surround the cell wall and helps with attachment to surfaces, resistance to drying, and protection from immune system cells
capsule (glycocalyx)
are bacterial cells prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
prokaryotic
Which bacterial cell features can be seen with a light microscope?
size, shape, and types of bacteria
what other domains are prokaryotic besides bacteria?
archaea
how can you measure antibiotic effectiveness?
by using a sensitivity plate and testing the antibiotic to see if it is rather larger in size, if it is than that means the antibiotic was more potent or more effective
what is the antibiotic disk on a sensitivity plate?
it is the disk where the antibiotic is (the small dot in the middle of the larger circle)
what is the zone of inhibition on a sensitivity plate?
it is the circular area around the spot of the antibiotic where the colonies don’t grow; the larger the circle, the more effective the antibiotic
what is the bacterial lawn on a sensitivity plate?
it is the area on the plate in which the bacteria was spread across in a thick suspension to support growth throughout the entire surface
where is bacteria found?
bacteria is found anywhere on earth, bacterial cells can sustain extreme climates and conditions; there is no place on earth without bacteria
which bacteria are photosynthetic?
cyanobacteria (anabaena, nostoc, gloeocapsa, oscillatoria)
they carry out the conversion of energy from the sunlight into chemical energy, they are responsible for the Earth’s transition from a carbon dioxide-rich atmosphere to the present-day atmosphere
the importance of cyanobacteria
Are cyanobacteria a common ancestor of plants, or are they extant species having an ancestor in common with plants?
they are a common ancestor of plants
- they are eukaryotic but don’t seem to fit in with any of the other more common eukaryotic groups
- many are unicellular, but there are colonial, filamentous, and parenchymatic (sheet-like) forms as well
- some photosynthesize but can move around
- others act as decomposers like fungi but have cellulose in their cell walls (not chitin)
the reasons why protists have such a complicated phylogeny and taxonomy
what has recently occurred to help classify protists? is that activity continuing?
grouping species according to a common ancestor in a clade which formed five accepted supergroups, yes it is continuing
What do mitochondria, chloroplasts, and nuclear membranes have to do with evolution?
they arose from a symbiosis between aerobic prokaryotes and host anaerobic eukaryotic ancestors.
What are the ancestral relationships?
the superclades that are closely related are excavate, rhiazaria, archaeplastida, and ameobazoa; the other two that are closely related to each other are stamenopila and alveolata which form chomalveolata
Which supergroup and clade are pathogens found in?
excavata
what is the disease caused by Giardia and what body part is affected?
it causes giardiasis and the body part affected is the intestinal walls/tract of its host which causes cramping, diarrhea, and nausea
what is the disease caused by Trypanosoma and what body part is affected?
different species cause sleeping sickness and Chagas in humans, the body part that can be affected over time is the heart and intestines
what is the disease caused by Trichomonas and what body part is affected?
it causes the STD, Trichomoniasis, symptoms can include vaginitis and increase risk of HIV; it is found along the mucus coated lining of the human reproductive system and urinary tract
what is red tide and which of the protists is involved in its cause?
dinoflagellates are involved in red tide and red tide is a sudden population bloom of dinoflagellates that turn the water red, orange, or brown
what is the nutrition mode for excavata
heterotrophs but some have chloroplasts derived from endosymbiosis (mixotrophic)
what is the nutrition mode for sar
heterotrophic or autotrophic from secondary endosymbiosis
what is the nutrition mode for rhiazaria
free-living and heterotrophic
what is the nutrition mode for alveolata
predation, photoautotrophic, parasitism
what is the nutrition mode for archaeplastida
photosynthetic
what is the nutrition mode for ameobazoans
phagocytosis
(a) Paramecium waves hair-like appendages called cilia to propel itself.
(b) Amoeba uses lobe-like pseudopodia to anchor themselves to a solid surface and pull themselves forward.
(c) Euglena uses a whip-like tail called a flagellum to propel itself.
how move around
means “false feet”, extensions of the cytoplasm used for movement or feeding
pseudopodia
short extensions resembling a fringe that help move cells
cilia
a long, whiplike appendage that a cell uses for motility
flagella
Euglena is spindle shaped, Amoeba has an irregular shape, and Paramecium is slipper shaped
yes
