lab prac Flashcards
the type of mutation that is the replacement of one nucleotide of DNA for another
substitution mutation
the addition of one or more nucleotides from the DNA gene sequence
insertion mutation
type of mutation where the loss of one or more nucleotides from the DNA gene sequence
deletion mutation
type of mutation that does not cause a change in the amino acid sequence, no change in the resulting protein
silent mutation
type of mutation in which an amino acid in the sequence is changed to another amino acid, a change in the primary structure of the protein
missense mutation
type of mutation that causes a protein to be cut short
nonsense mutation
a change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene in an individual (random)
mutation
drives evolution; individuals have traits that are favorable within their environment survive and reproduce more than those with less favorable traits, leading to more offspring with favorable traits
natural selection
what the does Mc1r gene code for?
encodes a protein called melanocortin 1 receptor, which specializes for pigment production
where is the Mc1r gene located?
it is a receptor protein that is embedded in the membrane of melanocytes
what does p stand for?
frequency of dominant alleles (D, G, H)
what does q stand for?
frequency of recessive alleles (d, g, h)
what does p2 stand for?
frequency of homozygous dominant genotype (HH, JJ, AA)
what does 2pq stand for?
frequency of heterozygous genotype (Hh, Jj, Aa)
what does q2 stand for?
frequency of homozygous recessive genotype (hh, jj, aa) [.4 * .4 =.16]
what equation describes the equilibrium of the two alleles in a population?
p + q = 1
what equation represents genotypic frequencies (Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation)?
p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
what are the five assumptions that must hold for a population to be in HW equilibrium
- population is indefinitely large
- natural selection does not occur
- mutations do not occur
- individuals mate at random
- no migration
what does it mean for a population to be at HW equilibrium?
it means that the population is not evolving, the allele frequencies should stay the same across generations
what is a clade?
clade is when two species are connected at the base of the tree and a little branch so that you would only need one cut to cut it off the three it looks like \/ or <
what is a species?
a group of interbreeding organisms or similar individuals
One hypothesis is that each ecomorph evolved once, and
the species belonging to the same ecomorph are closely related to one another.
An alternative hypothesis is that the ecomorphs evolved repeatedly and independently on each of the islands.
the two hypotheses from the lizard lab
which hypothesis was supported by the DNA analysis in the tree?
The DNA evidence suggests that species from the same island are more closely related than species from
the same ecomorph group. This finding supports the hypothesis that most of the lizards on each island
evolved independently, in a process of convergent evolution, although there are exceptions.
what is an analogy
Traits that look the same but evolved separately
what is homology
traits that share a common evolutionary pathway and the same genes that code for them
produces similar adaptations in organisms that do not share the same evolutionary lineage
convergent evolution
when a new species forms from a geographical barrier physically separating a population into two groups that can no longer interbreed
allopatric speciation
a new species arise while living in the same physical area as its parent species
sympatric speciation
a small difference in form or colour that distinguishes populations of a species that have become reproductively isolated
ecomorph
examples of eco morphs in the anole lizards
grass-bush anole has long legs and is very slender, trunk-ground anoles have long legs but are also stockier in build, and trunk-crown/crown-giant lizards are green and larger in size as well as having larger toe pads
