lab prac

Question 1

the type of mutation that is the replacement of one nucleotide of DNA for another

Answer 1

substitution mutation

Question 2

the addition of one or more nucleotides from the DNA gene sequence

Answer 2

insertion mutation

Question 3

type of mutation where the loss of one or more nucleotides from the DNA gene sequence

Answer 3

deletion mutation

Question 4

type of mutation that does not cause a change in the amino acid sequence, no change in the resulting protein

Answer 4

silent mutation

Question 5

type of mutation in which an amino acid in the sequence is changed to another amino acid, a change in the primary structure of the protein

Answer 5

missense mutation

Question 6

type of mutation that causes a protein to be cut short

Answer 6

nonsense mutation

Question 7

a change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene in an individual (random)

Answer 7

mutation

Question 8

drives evolution; individuals have traits that are favorable within their environment survive and reproduce more than those with less favorable traits, leading to more offspring with favorable traits

Answer 8

natural selection

Question 9

what the does Mc1r gene code for?

Answer 9

encodes a protein called melanocortin 1 receptor, which specializes for pigment production

Question 10

where is the Mc1r gene located?

Answer 10

it is a receptor protein that is embedded in the membrane of melanocytes

Question 11

what does p stand for?

Answer 11

frequency of dominant alleles (D, G, H)

Question 12

what does q stand for?

Answer 12

frequency of recessive alleles (d, g, h)

Question 13

what does p2 stand for?

Answer 13

frequency of homozygous dominant genotype (HH, JJ, AA)

Question 14

what does 2pq stand for?

Answer 14

frequency of heterozygous genotype (Hh, Jj, Aa)

Question 15

what does q2 stand for?

Answer 15

frequency of homozygous recessive genotype (hh, jj, aa) [.4 * .4 =.16]

Question 16

what equation describes the equilibrium of the two alleles in a population?

Answer 16

p + q = 1

Question 17

what equation represents genotypic frequencies (Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation)?

Answer 17

p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1

Question 18

what are the five assumptions that must hold for a population to be in HW equilibrium

Answer 18

1. population is indefinitely large
2. natural selection does not occur
3. mutations do not occur
4. individuals mate at random
5. no migration

Question 19

what does it mean for a population to be at HW equilibrium?

Answer 19

it means that the population is not evolving, the allele frequencies should stay the same across generations

Question 20

what is a clade?

Answer 20

clade is when two species are connected at the base of the tree and a little branch so that you would only need one cut to cut it off the three it looks like \/ or <

Question 21

what is a species?

Answer 21

a group of interbreeding organisms or similar individuals

Question 22

One hypothesis is that each ecomorph evolved once, and
the species belonging to the same ecomorph are closely related to one another.

An alternative hypothesis is that the ecomorphs evolved repeatedly and independently on each of the islands.

Answer 22

the two hypotheses from the lizard lab

Question 23

which hypothesis was supported by the DNA analysis in the tree?

Answer 23

The DNA evidence suggests that species from the same island are more closely related than species from
the same ecomorph group. This finding supports the hypothesis that most of the lizards on each island
evolved independently, in a process of convergent evolution, although there are exceptions.

Question 24

what is an analogy

Answer 24

Traits that look the same but evolved separately

Question 25

what is homology

Answer 25

traits that share a common evolutionary pathway and the same genes that code for them

Question 26

produces similar adaptations in organisms that do not share the same evolutionary lineage

Answer 26

convergent evolution

Question 27

when a new species forms from a geographical barrier physically separating a population into two groups that can no longer interbreed

Answer 27

allopatric speciation

Question 28

a new species arise while living in the same physical area as its parent species

Answer 28

sympatric speciation

Question 29

a small difference in form or colour that distinguishes populations of a species that have become reproductively isolated

Answer 29

ecomorph

Question 30

examples of eco morphs in the anole lizards

Answer 30

grass-bush anole has long legs and is very slender, trunk-ground anoles have long legs but are also stockier in build, and trunk-crown/crown-giant lizards are green and larger in size as well as having larger toe pads