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KMK Practice Tests > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Condition that is defined as a productive cough that occurs for 3 consecutive months

A

Chronic Bronchitis
Hypertrophy of the mucus secreting glands in the bronchioles.

Pts present with cyanosis of the fingers/gies and wheezing of the lungs.

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2
Q

How to minimize the amount of diplopia if you have a RLR palsy

A

Turn head towards the affected muscle (To the right) and look away (look to the left)

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3
Q

Infants can achieve 20/20 vision by ___ age with VEP. With normal testing, they achieve 20/20 by what age

A

6 months
3-4 years

Using TAC, acuity is 20/800 at 1 month and 20/50 at 1 year

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4
Q

Cerulean cataract

Lamellar cataract

A

Cerulean cataract- Tiny dot/flake-like white or blue green congenital opacity. Rarely affects vision.

Lamellar cataract- Located between nuclear and cortical layers of the lens.

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5
Q

Autorefractors are prone to overestimate

A

Myopia- mores in children and teens. Could be due to proximal accommodation.

The AR tries to stimulate a distant target, but the brain thinks it needs to accommodate because the target is in close proximity.

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6
Q

4 purkinje images

A
  1. Front of the cornea.
  2. Back of the cornea.
  3. Front of the lens
  4. Back of the lens- real inverted image. Only surface that is concave. The first 3 are convex (act as minus and will cause small upright image)
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7
Q

Crystallines in the lens

A

Mature lens fibers contain a high concentration of crystalline proteins that minimize light scattering via destructive interference. Alpha act as chaperones to reverse degradation of other crystalins.

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8
Q

What causes an increase in IOP in steroid responders?

A

Decreased outflow. Due to increase in deposition of glycosaminoglycans in the TM, resulting in reduced outflow.

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9
Q

What dye is used to stain the lacrimal sac prior to dacryochystorhinostomy ?

A

Methylene blue

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10
Q

What happens if warm water is poured in left ear

A

COWS
Direction of fast phase.
Fast phase- to the left
Slow phase- to the right

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11
Q

If your patient has an aneurysm of the internal carotid artery as it passes through the cavernous sinus, what EOM would be affected first?

A

LR
CN 6 palsy
CN 6 is located adjacent to the ICA within the cavernous sinus and would be affected first.

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12
Q

Role of glutathione in the lens

A

Protects against oxidative damage

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13
Q

SJS is what type of hypersensitivity reaction

A

Type 3
Erythema, arthritis, nephritis, CNS abnormalities, myocarditis

Also associated with penicillin, thiouracil, anticonvulsants and iodine.

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14
Q

What is present in the vitreous 40x higher than plasma?

A

Ascorbate, vitamin C

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15
Q

What happens when a photoreceptor is hyperpolarized by light. How does an on bipolar cell respond?

A

It decreases glutamate release, causing an on bipolar cell to release more glutamate.

PR are constantly depolarized in the absence of light, meaning they continually release glutamate in the dark.

An on-center bipolar cell is inhibited by glutamate and will hyperpolarize in the dark. In the light, the PR will hyper polarize and release less glutamate. Less glutamate will depolarize the on-center bipolar cell and it will release more glutamate to act on the ganglion cell.

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16
Q

An embolus originating as a thrombus in the ICA will most likely occlude a blood vessel where

A

In the retina

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17
Q

If the frame PD is smaller or larger than the pt pd, what direction do you decenter it?

A

Frame PD > Pt PD: Decenter in

Frame PD < Pt PD: Decenter out

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18
Q

Primary source of oxygen for the K

A

Team film that contains dissolved oxygen from the ATM

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19
Q

Pt with lax criteria have many ____ and not many ____

A

Click happy
Many false positives
Few false negatives

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20
Q

manifest hyperopia

Facultative hyperopia

A

Manifest- The amount of hyperopia that is present in a subjective refraction. Maximum plus that will allow the patient to obtain BCVA.

Facultative- Amount of hyperopia masked by accommodation and will not present on manifest. Can be determined by comparing the amount of hyperopia present on manifest and cyclo. It will be the difference.

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21
Q

High plus lenses have a reduced field of view for 2 reasons

A

Cause an increase in relative spec mag and induce BI prism, causing the image to move further out of view.

22
Q

Which layer of the cornea is the first to become edematous under hypoxic conditions?

A

Epithelium

23
Q

Ocular albinism is associated with

A

Foveal hypoplasia –> nystagmus
Strabismus
Hypopigmentation
TIDS

24
Q

Under photopic conditions, CFF occurs at ____

Any light above this frequency will be perceived as

A

70Hz

Single stimulus rather than multiple separate lights

25
Q

What eye movement is the slowest to initiate but move the fastest once they are started?

A

Saccades

26
Q

Gradient AC/A

A

Determining AC/A at same distance while looking through 2 different lenses.

27
Q

Catabolism of each of these yields how many calories/gram: lipids, protein, carb

A

Lipid- 9
Protein- 4
Carb- 4

28
Q

Normal tear film Ph

A

7.4, which is why eye drops that are slightly basic would cause the least amount of discomfort.

29
Q

Most common finding with orbital cellulitis

A

Proptosis

30
Q

The obstruction to aqueous outflow in primary open angle glaucoma is most likely

A

In the TM- prob the JXT that causes the greatest resistance.

31
Q

Difference between Keplerian and terrestrial telescope

A

Both have positive objective and ocular lenses.
Keplerian will have an inverted image
Terrestrial has an inverting prism in the middle and makes the image upright.

32
Q

Parkinsons

A

Due to a degeneration of neurons within the substantial nigra, resulting in a deficiency of dopamine in the striatum and musculoskeletal issues.

Tremor, rigidity, akinesia, and postural instability. TRAP!!

33
Q

Perfusion pressure of the retina

A

Indicator of how easily blood is able to pass through a given tissue.
Since it asked about the retina, it is the difference between blood entering and leaving the retina- retinal arteries and veins.

34
Q

manifest is +2
Cyclo is +5

What is the facultative, absolute, and total?

A

Facultative + absolute = total hyperopia.

Absolute is the amount left over after accommodating.
Facultative is what they hide on manifest.

35
Q

3 conditions that are characterized by abnormal collagen synthesis

Scurvy
Ehler’s Danlos
Osteogenesis Imperfecta

A

Scurvy- Secondary to vitamin C deficiency that leads to poor collagen synthesis with resulting deterioration.

Ehler’s Danlos- Abnormal synthesis of type 1 and 2 collagen.

Osteogenesis Imperfecta- Abnormal synthesis of type 1 collagen.

Type 1: Bowmans, bones, stroma, sclera.

36
Q

Broca-Sulzer effect

A

Light flashes of a fixed luminance above a threshold will appear brightest if they last 50-100 msec. Longer or shorter flashes of the light will appear dimmer.

37
Q

What type of tissue effect does each have?

Nd: YAG
Excimer 
Tunable 
CO laser
Argon
A

Nd: YAG- Photodisruption. Laser energy strips electrons off molecules of the target tissue. The ionized molecules and cloud of electrons together constitute a plasma that expands quickly, creating a shock wave that destroys the target tissue.

Excimer- Photoablation. Energy of the laser breaks chemical bonds in polymers, creating smaller fragments that rapidly expand due to the energy released by the breaking of bonds.

Tunable- Photoradiation.

CO laser- photovaporization. Energy absorbed by the tissue vaporizes the intracellular and extracellular water present.

Argon-photocoagulation. Energy of the laser is absorbed by the tissue and converted to heat, causing the denaturation of proteins.

38
Q

3 corneal TGFB1 dystrophies

A

Granular
lattice
Avellino

39
Q

How to reduce chromatic aberrations

A

Decrease vertex distance, induce sufficient pantoscopic tilt, switching to another lens material with a higher abbe value

40
Q

Primary GAG in the K

A

Keratan Sulfate

Chondroitin sulfate is the most common GAG in the CT, bone, cartilage, tendon, and heart values.

Hyaluronic acid is the most common in the vitreous.

41
Q

2nd Heart sound

A

Closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves

42
Q

Exocrine gland definition

Endocrine gland

A

Releases its products into ducts.

Endocrine releases into the bloodstream.

43
Q

The lens develops from

A

Surface ectoderm

44
Q

Visual cycle starting with light absorption

A

Light absorption converts 11 cis retinal to all trans retinal within the disc lumen of PR.

The all trans retinal is taken to the cytoplasm and reduced to all trans retinol.

All trans retinol is transported to RPE cells and is converted into 11 cis retinol, which is then oxidized to 11-cis retinal.

11- cis retinal is moved back into the RP disc, ready to be activated by light.

45
Q

IRMA

A

Intraretinal microvascular abnormalities

46
Q

Association between therapeutic index and drug safety

A

Higher TI = safer drug.

TI measures the toxicity of a drug. Expressed as the dose than kills 50% of animals or people in the experimental group.

47
Q

Before, during, and after a saccade, vision is suppressed by what pathway

A

Magnocellular system is suppressed in order to prevent blurring

48
Q

MG

A

Autoimmune disease caused by antibodies directed against ACH receptors at the NMJ junction.

49
Q

Coloboma locations

A

Embryonic fetal fissure is located inferior within the optic stalk and is composed of neural ectoderm.

if the fissure fails to close, a coloboma may develop of the eyelids, iris, ciliary body, retina, choroid, or ON.

50
Q

Emmetropization of astigmatism

A

50-65% of infants are born with astigmatism that gradually shifts from ATR to WTR. Magnitude of astig begins to decrease around 18 months until reaching adult levels at age 4.

Oblique is the most rare, but most stable. Less likely to change.

51
Q

3 most common conditions that lead to preseptal

A

Insect bite or breach of epidermis-
Internal hordeolum
Abrasion of eyelid skin

KMK Practice Tests (5 decks)

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