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KMK Practice Tests > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the inner and outer layer of the optic cup develop into

A

Inner layer of the cup develops into neural retina

Outer layer of the cup develops into the RPE

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2
Q

Most common primary intraocular malignancy in children and adults

A

Child- retinoblastoma

adults- choroidal melanoma

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3
Q

Define:

  1. The seg inset
  2. Total inset
  3. Inset
A
  1. The MRP to the center of the bifocal segment (distance pd - near pd/2)
  2. Geometric center of the lens to the center of the bifocal segment (frame Pd - near Pd/ 2)
  3. MRP to geometric center. (Frame pd- distance pd /2)
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4
Q

Side effects of amiodarone

A

Whorl K
Anterior sub capsular lens deposits
NAION

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5
Q

Micro saccades, micro tremors, micro drifts, and micro pursuits

A

Mico saccades, tremors, and drifts are responsible for maintaining fixation on an object. Micro pursuits are not associated with fixation.

Micro tremors and drifts are unintentional, disconjugate eye movements that cause the fovea to shift away from the target of interest.

Mico saccades are intentional conjugate eye movements that move the fovea back onto the object after micro tremors and drifts.

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6
Q

Scotopic system is sensitive to what wavelength
Photopic system is sensitive to what wavelength
What wavelength is equal sensitivity for both systems

A

Scotopic- 507
Photopic- 555
Both- 650

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7
Q

Average refractive error in full term newborns

A

+2

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8
Q

Lensometer formula

A

distance the target moved in meters = (focal length of the standard lens in meters ^2) (back vertex)

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9
Q

Most medically emergent cause of papilledema

A

Malignant HTN due to high risk of stroke

Send to ER

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10
Q

Co2 is this an acid or base

What

A

Co2 is an acid.

If you breathe out too much Co2, then the pH in your body will become more basic- higher pH.

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11
Q

What two types of aberrations can affect the image quality in spectacle lenses of any power and can be minimized by selecting the proper base curve using the Tscherning Ellipse?

A

Radial astigmatism and curvature of field

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12
Q

Color vision at the level of the photoreceptors is governed by the

A

Trichromatic theory

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13
Q

what characteristics increase flexure

A

Hyper Dk material
increased optical zone diameter
Steeper BC

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14
Q

Hereditary color vision defects are most often diagnosed in males due to what inheritance patterns

A

X linked recessive

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15
Q

Bloch’s law
Rocco’s law
Weber’s law
DeVries-Rose Law

A

Bloch’s law- temporal summation. Total number of photons for a stimulus below the critical duration is constant.
Ricco’s law- Spatial summation. (rocco’s is my favorite space)
Weber’s law- Light adaptation
DeVries-Rose Law- Light adaptation

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16
Q

Humphrey visual field uses which method to determine threshold

A

Stair step

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17
Q 
What does each branch of the ophthalmic artery supply: 
Lacrimal 
LPCA
Dorsal nasal 
Ethmoid
A

Lacrimal- Lateral rectus and lacrimal gland
LPCA- anterior choroid, iris, CB
Dorsal nasal- Lacrimal sac. Terminal branch.
Ethmoid- Sphenoid, ethmoid, frontal sinuses

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18
Q

Most common cause of unilateral disc edema in 20-40 years and 50+

A

Optic neuritis

NAION

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19
Q

On center bipolar cells

A

Inhibited by glutamate (released by RR cells when it is dark)
Activated by light, when there is less glutamate, and the bipolar cell will depolarize (graded action potential)

20
Q

Chorda Tympani branch is from what nerve and does what

A

CN 7

Carries taste fibers from the anterior 2/3 of tongue.

21
Q

Drug classes associated with floppy iris syndrom

A

Alpha 1 adrenergic antagonists

22
Q

Tectospinal tract does what

A

Reflexive head movements

23
Q

Visual form constancy
Visual discrimination
Visual figure ground

A

Visual form constancy- Ability to identify an object based on its shape, even when other features have changed such as size, color, orientation.

Visual discrimination- Correctly identify features of an object that differentiate it from other objects such as size, shape, color, direction.

Visual figure ground- Ability to identify an object within a background with distracting stimuli.

24
Q

What AA is a precursor for epi and NE

A

Tyrosine, which is derived from phenylalanine.
Precursor for epi, NE, dopamine, and catecholamine NT

Glycine is precursor for heme
Arginine is a precursor for NO
Tryptophan is a precursor for serotonin
Glutamine is a preceptor for nucleotide synthesis

25
Q

Isometropic refractive amblyopia

A

Bilateral high refractive errors

26
Q

Which first gen oral antihistamine causes corneal endothelial pigmentation and pigmentary retinopathy, similar to the phenothiazines (Antipsychotic)

A

Promethazine. They have similar structure

27
Q

Donders
Listings
Herings
Sherringtons

A

Donders- For any position of gaze, the eye has a unique orientation in 3 dimensions in space.

Listings- Eyes must rotate around axes to reach a certain direction of gaze.

Herings- Equal innervation of synergistic muscles (yoked muscles). 1 eye.

Sherringtons- Agonist and antagonist EOMs are reciporocally innervated. 2 eyes.

28
Q

Image jump

A

Add x (disc between seg line and near OC in cm)

29
Q

Which eye movement is responsible for keeping the image on the fovea during short head movements? What about long head movements?

A

Short- VOR

long- optokinetic reflex

30
Q

Do you want your eyes to be comitant or non comitant?

A

Comitant- deviation of the eyes that is the same for all positions as gaze.

31
Q

Oral CAIs are contraindicated in who

A

Liver or renal disease
COPD
Pregnancy
Sulfa allergies

32
Q

Spec magnification compares what

A

Uncorrected retinal image size to corrected retinal image size

33
Q

Relative spec mag compares

A

Retinal image size in corrected eye to the retinal image size of an emmetrope

34
Q

Amblyopia occurs at the level of the

A

Visual cortex suppression

35
Q

When can infants crawl

Walk?

A

9-10 months crawl

12 months walk

36
Q

What do you predict this 5 year olds rx will be when they turn 14?

+1.75
+0.50-1.25
less than +0.50

A

+1.75 –> stay hyperope
+0.50-1.25–> emmetrope
less than +0.50 –> myope

37
Q

How to determine axis with clock dial

A

Lowest number on clock that appears clear x 30
Ex: 12-6 o clock
6x30 = 180

38
Q

children are first able to copy a circle when
square?
complex shapes?

A

3, 4, 5 years

39
Q

what is in each layer of the eyelid:

Subcutaneous areolar
Submuscular
Tarsal plate
Posterior muscular

A

Subcutaneous areolar- CT and levator
Submuscular- Loose CT and levator aponeurosis, palpebral portion of lacrimal gland.
Tarsal plate
Posterior muscular- mullers muscle

40
Q

What do layers 4, 5, an 6 of the striate cortex do

A

4- Location of first synapse between the optic radiations and neurons. Axons project to the higher cortical areas (v2-v5) for additional visual processing.

5- Sends axons to superior colliculus to control saccades

6- Provides feedback to LGN

41
Q

3 tests used to dx eccentric fixation

A

Develops in an eye with a stable, constant, unilateral micro strabismus of longstanding duration during the critical period. The patient will use a non-foveal point for fixation in the strab eye under monocular conditions.

Haidinger’s
visuscopy
Maxwells

42
Q

Which layers of the sclera contain elastin

A

Lamina fusca, cribrosa, and scleral spur

NOT episclera

43
Q

6 findings in RP

A 
Waxy disc 
Artery attenuation 
Bony spics 
PSC 
CME 
ONH drusen
44
Q

How does each layer of the K respond to damage

A 
Epithelium- regeneration 
Bowmans- incapable of regen/repair 
Stroma- Can replace itself but the collagen is less organized and larger= scar 
Descemets- regeneration 
Endothel- incapable of regen/repair
45
Q

Average AC/A ratio

A

4/1 +/-2

46
Q

Axial ametropes should wear specs according to what law

A

Knapps

47
Q

How does spec lens change as the lens is brought closer to the eye

A

Minus becomes effectively stronger (more minus)
Plus lenses become effectively weaker (less plus)

Think: myopes will push glasses closer to eyes for more minus.

KMK Practice Tests (5 decks)

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