Test 3 Flashcards
Stratified sample
a random sample with restrictions so that important subgroups are proportionally represented in it
Cluster sample
Randomly selects clusters of people that have some feature in common and tests all people within the cluster
Convenience sample
nonprobability sample in which the researcher requests volunteers
Purposive sample
nonprobability sample in which the researcher targets a particular group of individuals
Quota sample
nonprobability sample, proportions of some subgroups in the sample, recruit until you have X amount
Snowball sample
nonprobability sample, member of a group, already surveyed, gets more members through a network of friends, good for small/hidden groups
Social desirability bias
Response bias, people respond by trying to put themselves in a favourable light
How to minimize social desirability bias?
Ensure anonymity, statistically control for it
Things to avoid when creating an effective survey?
Ambiguous, double-barreled, & leading questions. Negative wording, jargon
Correlation coefficient
a statistic that quantifies the degree to which two variables are related
Naturalistic observation
descriptive research method in which the behaviour of people or animals is studied as it occurs
Habituation
people get used to observer presence
Participant observation
Descriptive research method, researcher becomes part of the group being observed
Disadvantage of naturalistic observation
Absence of control, observer bias
Advantages of naturalistic observation
used to provide support for theories or falsify them
Observer bias
can occur when preconceived ideas held by researcher impact the nature of the observations made
Ways to reduce observer bias
use specific operational definitions, have several observers (inter-rate/observer reliability)
Reactivity
occurs when participants behaviour is influenced by the knowledge that they are being watched
ways to reduce reactivity
unobtrusive measure (direct- hidden camera/ indirect- going thru trash)
Advantages of research using archival data
Lots of info readily available, cheap (time and money)
Disadvantages of research using archival data
Data that is available does not always match the question, missing data, bias
Meta-analysis
Combine results across studies of the same phenomenon to better understand it
Direct replication
Attempted reproduction of a study’s results, testing the same type of sample, using the same procedures
Conceptual replication
attempted reproduction of a study’s results in which parts are purposely changed in order to test predictions similar to those in the original study
