Test 3

Question 1

Stratified sample

Answer 1

a random sample with restrictions so that important subgroups are proportionally represented in it

Question 2

Cluster sample

Answer 2

Randomly selects clusters of people that have some feature in common and tests all people within the cluster

Question 3

Convenience sample

Answer 3

nonprobability sample in which the researcher requests volunteers

Question 4

Purposive sample

Answer 4

nonprobability sample in which the researcher targets a particular group of individuals

Question 5

Quota sample

Answer 5

nonprobability sample, proportions of some subgroups in the sample, recruit until you have X amount

Question 6

Snowball sample

Answer 6

nonprobability sample, member of a group, already surveyed, gets more members through a network of friends, good for small/hidden groups

Question 7

Social desirability bias

Answer 7

Response bias, people respond by trying to put themselves in a favourable light

Question 8

How to minimize social desirability bias?

Answer 8

Ensure anonymity, statistically control for it

Question 9

Things to avoid when creating an effective survey?

Answer 9

Ambiguous, double-barreled, & leading questions. Negative wording, jargon

Question 10

Correlation coefficient

Answer 10

a statistic that quantifies the degree to which two variables are related

Question 11

Naturalistic observation

Answer 11

descriptive research method in which the behaviour of people or animals is studied as it occurs

Question 12

Habituation

Answer 12

people get used to observer presence

Question 13

Participant observation

Answer 13

Descriptive research method, researcher becomes part of the group being observed

Question 14

Disadvantage of naturalistic observation

Answer 14

Absence of control, observer bias

Question 15

Advantages of naturalistic observation

Answer 15

used to provide support for theories or falsify them

Question 16

Observer bias

Answer 16

can occur when preconceived ideas held by researcher impact the nature of the observations made

Question 17

Ways to reduce observer bias

Answer 17

use specific operational definitions, have several observers (inter-rate/observer reliability)

Question 18

Reactivity

Answer 18

occurs when participants behaviour is influenced by the knowledge that they are being watched

Question 19

ways to reduce reactivity

Answer 19

unobtrusive measure (direct- hidden camera/ indirect- going thru trash)

Question 20

Advantages of research using archival data

Answer 20

Lots of info readily available, cheap (time and money)

Question 21

Disadvantages of research using archival data

Answer 21

Data that is available does not always match the question, missing data, bias

Question 22

Meta-analysis

Answer 22

Combine results across studies of the same phenomenon to better understand it

Question 23

Direct replication

Answer 23

Attempted reproduction of a study’s results, testing the same type of sample, using the same procedures

Question 24

Conceptual replication

Answer 24

attempted reproduction of a study’s results in which parts are purposely changed in order to test predictions similar to those in the original study

Question 25

Typical quantitative research in psychology

Answer 25

Neurological test surveys, animal research

Question 26

What is qualitative research?

Answer 26

its about meaning, no manipulation, non-numerical, interpretive, generates theory

Question 27

Qualitative vs Quantitative?

Answer 27

What how why?
Vs
How much, How many?

Question 28

Pros of qualitative research?

Answer 28

Get to know the participants perspective, creative methods, mix-methods can provide great context

Question 29

What is an interview?

Answer 29

Directed conversation

Question 30

Basic methods of qualitative research?

Answer 30

Interviews, observation, analysis