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Insect > Test 2b > Flashcards

Test 2b Flashcards

1
Q

Influence of enivronmental factors and ecological interactions on the genetics of populations

A

Ecological genetics

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2
Q

Occurrence of 2 or mroe discrete types/forms in a pouplations

A

genetic polymorphism

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3
Q

When the heterozygotes for the alleles under consideration have a higher adaptive value than the homozygote. Genotypes are cyclical.

A

Balancing polymorphism

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4
Q

Genotypes are progressively replaced by another

A

Transient polymorphism

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5
Q

5 steps of failed conservation

A

habitat loss, smaller population size, reduced genetic diversity, reduced ability to adapt, extinction

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6
Q

True or false: genetic drift can maintain polymoprhism

A

False

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7
Q

What happens when only genetic drift is operating in a population

A

alleles will either drift to extinction or fixation

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8
Q

Heterozygote is more fit than either homozygote

A

Heterosis

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9
Q

Rare alleles give individuals high fitness

A

Negative frequency dependent selection

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10
Q

Frequency dependent selection example

A

right-handed vs left-handed scale eating fish

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11
Q

Different alleles favored in different environments

A

Variable selection

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12
Q

In terms of winged polymorphic insects, what advantages did wingless individuals have?

A

faster development, increased fecundity, increased longevity

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13
Q

What kind of pathogen is wolbachia

A

Intra-celular bacterial symbiont

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14
Q

What is wolbachia closely related to?

A

rickettsia

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15
Q

Where does wolbacchia specifically occur in insect bodies?

A

Cells of reproductive structures

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16
Q

% of wolbacchia occurrence in insect species

A

25-70%

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17
Q

Most species have either very low or very high infection rates

A

bimodal infection frequency

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18
Q

How is wolbacchia transmitted?

A

Cytoplasmically inherited by maternal eggs to offspring

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19
Q

True or false: wolbacchia is able to be horizontally transmitted

A

true

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20
Q

5 effects of wolbacchia on insect hosts

A

cytoplasmic incompatibility, parthenogenesis induction, feminization of males, early male-killing, late male-killing

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21
Q

a form of asexual reproduction in which growth and development of embryos occur without fertilization.

A

parthenogenesis

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22
Q

2 types of cytoplasmic incompatibility

A

unidirectional, bidirectional

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23
Q

Uninfected female x infected male = no viable offspring

A

unidirectional

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24
Q

female infected with strain A x male infected with strain B = no viable offspring

A

bidirectional

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25
Q

Wolbacchia modifying sperm such that uninfected eggs do not recognize it but infected eggs do

A

Cytoplasmic incompatibility

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26
Q

Why is cytoplasmic incompatibility beneficial for wolbacchia

A

infected females produce infected daughters at faster rate than uninfected females produce uninfected daughters

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27
Q

True or false: wolbacchia can promote speciation

A

True

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28
Q

Biological control of wolbacchia

A

Introduce novel strain of wolbacchia in naive host, then flood target population with infected males

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29
Q

Requires a long period from uptake to replication in salivary glands

A

dengue fever

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30
Q

One way wolbacchia helps its hosts

A

enhance host resistance to other pathogens

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31
Q

3 requirements of social insects

A

overlapping generations, cooperative brood care, reproductive division of labor

32
Q

parents and offspring alive at same time

A

overlapping generations

33
Q

offspring helping their parents care for brothers and sisters

A

cooperative brood care

34
Q

caste of non-reproductive members of society

A

reproductive division of labor

35
Q

Which type of insect has kings and queens

A

termites

36
Q

True or false: castes always have strong morphological differences

A

False

37
Q

More than one mated pair living together, but no cooperative brood care and no overlap of generation

A

aggregation

38
Q

extended brood care; interaction ends prior to reproductive stage of offspring, no non-reprouctive caste

A

subsocial

39
Q

How many species of eusocial insects

A

20,000

40
Q

Rank in order of eusocial emergence: ants, wasps, termites, bees

A

bees, wasps, ants, termites

41
Q

2 traits important to evolution of sociality

A

living in discrete nest, close genetic relatedness

42
Q

4 reasons why living in discrete nests are important

A

defense from others, defense from elements, room for brood care, remodel potential

43
Q

Mode of natural selection that acts on inclusive fitness

A

kin selection

44
Q

In haplodiploid system, how are eggs produced

A

meiosis

45
Q

In haplodiploid system, how are sperm produced

A

mitosis

46
Q

How many n’s does a daughter have

A

2

47
Q

How many n’s does a son have

A

1

48
Q

Relatedness of you to a full sister

A

3/4

49
Q

Relatedness of you to a full brother

A

1/4

50
Q

Relatedness of you to a half sister

A

1/4

51
Q

Relatedness of you to a full nephew

A

3/8

52
Q

Relatedness of you to a full niece

A

3/8

53
Q

Relatedness of you to a son

A

1/2

54
Q

Relatedness of you to a daughter

A

1/2

55
Q

Hamilton’s rule

A

rb * b > rc * c

56
Q

In hamilton’s rule, what does b stand for

A

fitness gain to beneficiary of cooperative of behavior

57
Q

In hamilton’s rule, what does rb stand for

A

relatedness to beneficiary

58
Q

In hamilton’s rule, what does c stand for

A

fitness cost of cooperative behavior

59
Q

In hamilton’s rule, what does rc stand for

A

relatedness to the individual that experiences the cost

60
Q

What happens when b = c in eusocial system

A

Full sisters are more beneficial than your own offspring

61
Q

2 conditions to allow Hamilton’s rule

A

queen singly mated, sisters help other sisters but not brothers

62
Q

When is cooperative behavior more likely

A

b>c

63
Q

What does multiple mating by queens or multiple queens do to a colony

A

sister relatedness decreases

64
Q

The common good among relative

A

Life insurance, fortress defense

65
Q

Selfish interests of individuals

A

larvae becoming queens

66
Q

How do workers become queen

A

challenge old queen is she is weak

67
Q

how do workers stop upstart queens

A

decapitation

68
Q

When there is one singly mated queen, how much more do workers prefer investment in females over males

A

3x

69
Q

What does a queen prefer in terms of sex ratios

A

1:1

70
Q

How is the production of males controlled by workers

A

Worker-laid eggs often killed or eaten

71
Q

3 ecological advantages of sociality

A

more effective defense, rapid monopolization of resources, rapid transfer of beneficial symbionts

72
Q

What percent of total terrestrial animal biomass do termites and ants make up

A

33%

73
Q

3 types of social communication

A

volatile pheromones, contact stimulation, sound

74
Q

4 functions of social communication

A

kin recognition, control of workers, communication of resource location, communication of threat

75
Q

How do bees communicate where food is

A

Waggle dance

76
Q

what does the waggle dance communicated

A

distance and direction

Insect (8 decks)

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