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Test 2a Flashcards

1
Q

6 modes of feeding by food

A

carnivorous, herbivorous, omnivorous, detritivorous, saprophagous, fungivorous

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2
Q

Mode of feeding that eats other animals

A

carnivorous

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3
Q

Mode of feeding that eats plants

A

herbivorous

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4
Q

Mode of feeding that eats plants and animals

A

omnivorous

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5
Q

Mode of feeding that eats decaying organic matter

A

detritivorous

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6
Q

Mode of feeding that eats dead animal tissue

A

saprophagous

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7
Q

Mode of feeding that eats fungi

A

fungivorous

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8
Q

Species that exploits resources in a similar way

A

Guild

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9
Q

3 carnivore guilds by style

A

predator, parasitoid, parasite

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10
Q

Style of carnivore guild that lives externally, kills multiple prey, larger than prey, less specialized

A

predator

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11
Q

Style of carnivore guild that lives internally, kills one prey, unique to insects

A

parasitioid

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12
Q

Style of carnivore guild that lives internally or externally, not necessarily lethal

A

parasite

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13
Q

4 carnivore guilds by mode of capture

A

random search, hunt, sit-and-wait, trap

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14
Q

Mode of capture of carnivore guild that roams habitats and uses cues to find prey

A

random search

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15
Q

Mode of capture of carnivore guild that uses sight or olfaction to orient to prey

A

hunt

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16
Q

Mode of capture of carnivore guild that energy conservation, raptorial forelimbs

A

sit-and-wait

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17
Q

Mode of capture of carnivore guild that more active, sometimes with bait

A

trap

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18
Q

example of random search

A

r. cardinalis (Coleoptera)

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19
Q

Example of sit-and-wait

A

mantodea

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20
Q

example of trap

A

glowworm (diptera)

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21
Q

2 herbivore guilds by location

A

external, internal

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22
Q

location herbivore guild that either chews or sucks

A

external

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23
Q

location herbivore guild that either rolls, mines, bores, or galls

A

internal

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24
Q

5 types of herbivore guilds by tissue type

A

leaf/stem, root, flower, fruit, seed

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25
WHat order is the richest of species
Herbivorous orders
26
A limitation in the number of species wiht which a particular species can interact
specialization
27
True or false: most predators have a broad diet
true
28
what percent of insect herbivores feed on 3 or fewer plant families
90%
29
2 hypotheses to explain why specialization evolved
Maximize nutritional efficiency (jack of all trades is a master of none), maximize enemy-free territory
30
3 types of plant defenses
physical, indirect, chemical
31
plant defense that is thrones, spines, hairs
physical
32
plant defense that is protection via other species
indirect
33
2 examples of indirect defense of plants
ants, fungi
34
Type of chemical defense that is "all or nothing" toxin
qualitative
35
Type of chemical defense that is the more insects eat it, the harder it is to deal with
quantitative
36
How many different types of secondary metabolites have been found in plants
100,000
37
What species uses trichomes to make insects stuck to surface of leaves
M. pumila
38
What percent nitrogen are insects? Xylem? Leaves?
30-40%, 0.05%, 2-20%
39
Requirement of internal feeding
Intimate relationship with host
40
Parasite that transmits plague
fleas, bacterium
41
Parasite that transmits yellow fever
mosquitos, virus
42
Parasite that transmits malaria
mosquitos, protozoan
43
Parasite that transmits sleeping sickness
tsetse fly, protozoan
44
Parasite that transmits chagas disease
bugs, protozoan
45
Parasite that transmits typhus
lice, bacterium
46
2 types of parasites
ectoparasite, endoparasite
47
Which type of parasite has reduce features?
endoparasite
48
Which type of parasite has either pool-feeders or vessel-feeders
ectoparasite
49
Mouthparts like a can opener
pool-feeder
50
example of pool-feeder
stable fly
51
elegant mouthparts like hypodermic needle
vessel-feeder
52
example of vessel-feeder
bed bug
53
Phthiraptera has what kind of metamorphosis?
hemimetabolous
54
Phthiraptera has how many species?
3000
55
Phthiraptera is commonly called what
lice
56
True or false: Phthiraptera is a monophyletic order
false
57
Siphonaptera has what kind of metamorphosis
holometabolous
58
type of chemical defense of insects that is manufactured by the insect itself
allomone
59
type of chemical defense of insects that is acquired and stored from host plant
sequestered allelochemical
60
What is aposematic coloration
warning color
61
4 types of insect defense
chemical, visual, internal, disguise, object resemblance, satiation
62
example of visual defense of insects
vespidae (hymenoptera)
63
example of chemical defense of insects
bombardier beetle
64
example of disguise defense of insects
batesian mimicry
65
example of disguise defense of insects
phasmatodea looking like a leaf
66
example of predator satiation defense of insects
periodical cicadas
67
Why do plants face a physical obstacle to gene disperal
they are immobile
68
How do plats overcome challenges related to their immobileness
pollen, seed dispersal
69
5 advantages of animal pollination
longer distances, more effective, less waste, works in low wind, occur at low density
70
3 costs of animal pollination
risky, investment in attraction, susceptible to exploitation
71
Insect goes to a flower
visitation
72
take nectar or pollen without transferring pollen
thievery
73
active stealing of nectar/pollen in ways that damage plant
robbing
74
transfer pollen grains from the anther to stigma of the same flower/different flowers on plants/different plant
pollination
75
male part of plant
anther
76
female part of plant
stigma
77
What percentage of world's plants rely on animals to move genes
80%
78
Fruits and seeds comprise what percent of diets of birds and mammals
25%
79
What percentage of world's crops are insect pollinated
66%
80
How much scrill do insects contribute to US economy via pollination service
20 billion
81
True or false: pollination is a catalyst for rapid diversification
true
82
Why is the introduction of pollination seen as a mechanism for insect diversification
New niches were made available
83
How many times did animal pollination evolve?
3
84
Benefit of specialization for palnts
Ensures transfer of genes to appropriate mate
85
Cost of specialization for insects
Diet variation is a good thing
86
2 ways pollinators are attracted
visual, chemical
87
4 examples of visual cues
size, color, shape, guides
88
Typical chemical cue that flowers use
Volatile organic compounds
89
True or false: many flowers use UV signals
True
90
True or false: Generalist flowers are more unique
False
91
3 rewards for pollinators
nectar, pollen, seeds for larvae
92
What kind of molecule is nectar
carbohydrate
93
what kind of molecule is pollen
nitrogen
94
Where did cheating moths evolve from
Pollinating moths
95
4 threats to insect pollinators
habitat loss, disease, pesticides, competition from non-native insects
96
Since 2006, how many colonies of bees have died across US
50-90%
97
Only way dead hives can become re-populated
Irradiation
98
2 new viruses that affect bee hives
hive beetle, infected royal jelly
99
WHat does infected royal jelly do to a hive
promotes queen development in non-queen females
100
Official name of bees dying
Colony collapse disorder

Insect (8 decks)

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