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Insect > Test 2a > Flashcards

Test 2a Flashcards

1
Q

6 modes of feeding by food

A

carnivorous, herbivorous, omnivorous, detritivorous, saprophagous, fungivorous

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2
Q

Mode of feeding that eats other animals

A

carnivorous

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3
Q

Mode of feeding that eats plants

A

herbivorous

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4
Q

Mode of feeding that eats plants and animals

A

omnivorous

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5
Q

Mode of feeding that eats decaying organic matter

A

detritivorous

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6
Q

Mode of feeding that eats dead animal tissue

A

saprophagous

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7
Q

Mode of feeding that eats fungi

A

fungivorous

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8
Q

Species that exploits resources in a similar way

A

Guild

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9
Q

3 carnivore guilds by style

A

predator, parasitoid, parasite

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10
Q

Style of carnivore guild that lives externally, kills multiple prey, larger than prey, less specialized

A

predator

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11
Q

Style of carnivore guild that lives internally, kills one prey, unique to insects

A

parasitioid

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12
Q

Style of carnivore guild that lives internally or externally, not necessarily lethal

A

parasite

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13
Q

4 carnivore guilds by mode of capture

A

random search, hunt, sit-and-wait, trap

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14
Q

Mode of capture of carnivore guild that roams habitats and uses cues to find prey

A

random search

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15
Q

Mode of capture of carnivore guild that uses sight or olfaction to orient to prey

A

hunt

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16
Q

Mode of capture of carnivore guild that energy conservation, raptorial forelimbs

A

sit-and-wait

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17
Q

Mode of capture of carnivore guild that more active, sometimes with bait

A

trap

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18
Q

example of random search

A

r. cardinalis (Coleoptera)

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19
Q

Example of sit-and-wait

A

mantodea

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20
Q

example of trap

A

glowworm (diptera)

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21
Q

2 herbivore guilds by location

A

external, internal

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22
Q

location herbivore guild that either chews or sucks

A

external

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23
Q

location herbivore guild that either rolls, mines, bores, or galls

A

internal

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24
Q

5 types of herbivore guilds by tissue type

A

leaf/stem, root, flower, fruit, seed

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25
Q

WHat order is the richest of species

A

Herbivorous orders

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26
Q

A limitation in the number of species wiht which a particular species can interact

A

specialization

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27
Q

True or false: most predators have a broad diet

A

true

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28
Q

what percent of insect herbivores feed on 3 or fewer plant families

A

90%

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29
Q

2 hypotheses to explain why specialization evolved

A

Maximize nutritional efficiency (jack of all trades is a master of none), maximize enemy-free territory

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30
Q

3 types of plant defenses

A

physical, indirect, chemical

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31
Q

plant defense that is thrones, spines, hairs

A

physical

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32
Q

plant defense that is protection via other species

A

indirect

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33
Q

2 examples of indirect defense of plants

A

ants, fungi

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34
Q

Type of chemical defense that is “all or nothing” toxin

A

qualitative

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35
Q

Type of chemical defense that is the more insects eat it, the harder it is to deal with

A

quantitative

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36
Q

How many different types of secondary metabolites have been found in plants

A

100,000

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37
Q

What species uses trichomes to make insects stuck to surface of leaves

A

M. pumila

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38
Q

What percent nitrogen are insects? Xylem? Leaves?

A

30-40%, 0.05%, 2-20%

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39
Q

Requirement of internal feeding

A

Intimate relationship with host

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40
Q

Parasite that transmits plague

A

fleas, bacterium

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41
Q

Parasite that transmits yellow fever

A

mosquitos, virus

42
Q

Parasite that transmits malaria

A

mosquitos, protozoan

43
Q

Parasite that transmits sleeping sickness

A

tsetse fly, protozoan

44
Q

Parasite that transmits chagas disease

A

bugs, protozoan

45
Q

Parasite that transmits typhus

A

lice, bacterium

46
Q

2 types of parasites

A

ectoparasite, endoparasite

47
Q

Which type of parasite has reduce features?

A

endoparasite

48
Q

Which type of parasite has either pool-feeders or vessel-feeders

A

ectoparasite

49
Q

Mouthparts like a can opener

A

pool-feeder

50
Q

example of pool-feeder

A

stable fly

51
Q

elegant mouthparts like hypodermic needle

A

vessel-feeder

52
Q

example of vessel-feeder

53
Q

Phthiraptera has what kind of metamorphosis?

A

hemimetabolous

54
Q

Phthiraptera has how many species?

55
Q

Phthiraptera is commonly called what

56
Q

True or false: Phthiraptera is a monophyletic order

57
Q

Siphonaptera has what kind of metamorphosis

A

holometabolous

58
Q

type of chemical defense of insects that is manufactured by the insect itself

59
Q

type of chemical defense of insects that is acquired and stored from host plant

A

sequestered allelochemical

60
Q

What is aposematic coloration

A

warning color

61
Q

4 types of insect defense

A

chemical, visual, internal, disguise, object resemblance, satiation

62
Q

example of visual defense of insects

A

vespidae (hymenoptera)

63
Q

example of chemical defense of insects

A

bombardier beetle

64
Q

example of disguise defense of insects

A

batesian mimicry

65
Q

example of disguise defense of insects

A

phasmatodea looking like a leaf

66
Q

example of predator satiation defense of insects

A

periodical cicadas

67
Q

Why do plants face a physical obstacle to gene disperal

A

they are immobile

68
Q

How do plats overcome challenges related to their immobileness

A

pollen, seed dispersal

69
Q

5 advantages of animal pollination

A

longer distances, more effective, less waste, works in low wind, occur at low density

70
Q

3 costs of animal pollination

A

risky, investment in attraction, susceptible to exploitation

71
Q

Insect goes to a flower

A

visitation

72
Q

take nectar or pollen without transferring pollen

73
Q

active stealing of nectar/pollen in ways that damage plant

74
Q

transfer pollen grains from the anther to stigma of the same flower/different flowers on plants/different plant

A

pollination

75
Q

male part of plant

76
Q

female part of plant

77
Q

What percentage of world’s plants rely on animals to move genes

78
Q

Fruits and seeds comprise what percent of diets of birds and mammals

79
Q

What percentage of world’s crops are insect pollinated

80
Q

How much scrill do insects contribute to US economy via pollination service

A

20 billion

81
Q

True or false: pollination is a catalyst for rapid diversification

82
Q

Why is the introduction of pollination seen as a mechanism for insect diversification

A

New niches were made available

83
Q

How many times did animal pollination evolve?

84
Q

Benefit of specialization for palnts

A

Ensures transfer of genes to appropriate mate

85
Q

Cost of specialization for insects

A

Diet variation is a good thing

86
Q

2 ways pollinators are attracted

A

visual, chemical

87
Q

4 examples of visual cues

A

size, color, shape, guides

88
Q

Typical chemical cue that flowers use

A

Volatile organic compounds

89
Q

True or false: many flowers use UV signals

90
Q

True or false: Generalist flowers are more unique

91
Q

3 rewards for pollinators

A

nectar, pollen, seeds for larvae

92
Q

What kind of molecule is nectar

A

carbohydrate

93
Q

what kind of molecule is pollen

94
Q

Where did cheating moths evolve from

A

Pollinating moths

95
Q

4 threats to insect pollinators

A

habitat loss, disease, pesticides, competition from non-native insects

96
Q

Since 2006, how many colonies of bees have died across US

97
Q

Only way dead hives can become re-populated

A

Irradiation

98
Q

2 new viruses that affect bee hives

A

hive beetle, infected royal jelly

99
Q

WHat does infected royal jelly do to a hive

A

promotes queen development in non-queen females

100
Q

Official name of bees dying

A

Colony collapse disorder

Insect (8 decks)

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