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Insect2 Flashcards

1
Q

3 shared traits of Orthopteroid orders

A

Chewing mouthparts at all stages, hemimetabolous metamorphosis, wings held orthogonally during flight

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2
Q

5 characteristics of dermaptera

A

Enlarged cerci, 3 tarsal segments, omnivores, nocturnal, 1800 species

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3
Q

4 characteristics of Orthoptera

A

Enlarged femurs (good jumpers), 3-4 segmented tarsi, mostly herbivorous, 20,000 species

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4
Q

Producing loud calls by rubbing wings together

A

Stridulation

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5
Q

What suborder of insects produce stridulations?

A

Ensifera

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6
Q

6 characteristics of phasmatodea

A

stick-like and wingless, 3 or 5-segmented tarsi, no enlarged femura, herbivorous, lack tympana and stridulation, 1200 species

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7
Q

6 characteristics of blattodea

A

5 segmented tarsi, long antennae, flattened body, pronotum extends over head, repugnatorial glands, 4500 species

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8
Q

What is a blattodea’s egg sac called?

A

Oothea

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9
Q

6 characteristics of order Isoptera

A

Equal-length membranous wings, social cockroaches, obligately depend on gut symbionts to digest cellulose, proctooleal trophelaxis, role in global decomposition, 2000 species

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10
Q

6 characteristics of order Mantodea

A

predatory cockroaches, raptorial forelegs, 5-segmented tarsi, long pronutum with freely moving head, large eyes/short antennae, 2000 species

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11
Q

4 shared traits of order Hemiptera

A

Piercing or sucking mouthparts, piercing stylets enclosed in a sheath, hemimetabolous, 80,000 species

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12
Q

3 suborders of Hemiptera

A

Heteroptera, Auchenorrncha, Sternorrhyncha

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13
Q

4 characteristics of suborder Heteroptera

A

Beak arises from front of head, front half of wing “hardened”, wings held flat against body, hemimetabolous

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14
Q

4 characteristics of suborder Auchenorryncha

A

Beak arises from back of head, wings are uniform texture, wings held roof-like, hemimetabolous

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15
Q

4 characteristics of suborder sternorrhyncha

A

beak arises between front coxae, wings are uniform texture, wings held roof-like, hemimetabolous

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16
Q

How often do periodical cicades emerge en masse

A

13 or 17 years

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17
Q

What type of insect can reproduce by vivaparous parthenogenesis?

A

Aphids

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18
Q

6 characteristics of order Coleoptera

A

40% of all insects are beetles, 25% of all named species, valuable ecosystem services, hardened outer wings (elytra), mandibulate mouth parts at all phases, complete metamorphosis

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19
Q

What are hardened outer wings called?

A

Elytra

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20
Q

2 suborders of coleoptera

A

Adephaga, polyphaga

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21
Q

4 characteristics of adephaga

A

predatory, ground dwelling, hind coxae fused to 1st abdominal sternite, 40,000 species

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22
Q

3 characteristics of polyphaga

A

plant feeders, coxae are mobile and do not divide, 300,000 species

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23
Q

Shared traits of Diptera, Mecoptera, and Neuroptera

A

Homometabolous, soft-bodied, winged

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24
Q

4 shared traits of diptera

A

2 wings, halteres, adults never have chewing mouthparts, 25,000 species

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25
What are reduced second set of wings used for balance called?
halteres
26
3 characteristics of Nematocera
Many segmented antennae, mosquito-like, paraphyletic
27
3 characteristics of Brachycera
3-segmented antennae, housefly-like, monophyletic
28
5 characteristics of Neuroptera
4 veiny wings, wings held roof- or tent-like over body, long antennae, lack cerci, 5500 species
29
What type of insect produces conical pitfall traps then use their long, sickle-like jaws to consume insects that fall in?
Neuroptera (antlions)
30
4 characteristics of Mecoptera
4 wings, long, narrow head, not monophyletic, 600 species
31
What type of insect has males that present females with dead insects as a nuptial gift to encourage copulation?
Mecoptera
32
4 characteristics of hymenoptera
Hamuli, mandibulate mouthparts, 4 wings, 130,000 species
33
What is a small hook projection that links the fore- and hind-wings of a bee or wasp?
Hamuli
34
4 characteristics of lepidoptera
wings covered with colorful scales, larvae have unsegmented "prolegs" and chewing mouthparts, pupae are always immobile, adults have siphoning mouthparts
35
2 characteristics of butterflies
Diurnal, clubbed antennae
36
3 characteristics of skippers
Diurnal, hooked antennae, hold fore-wings at 45 degrees
37
3 characteristics of moths
Diurnal, plumose antennae, frenulum
38
Bristle present at the root of the hindwing of most moths which engages with a small hook on the forewing to attach the wings together
Frenulum
39
3 ways simple metamorphosis is different from complete
Wings develop externally, no inactive stages before adult, immatures look like small adults (nymphs)
40
3 ways complete metamorphosis is different from simple
Wings develop internally, inactive stage before adult (pupa), immatures differ dramatically from adults (larvae)
41
Part of larvae that will become a portion of the outside of the adult insect during pupal transformation
Imaginal disc
42
Period between 2 molts
Instar
43
Metamorphosis - Step 1: _____ is released by the _____ of the brain into the _____.
PTTH, corpora cardiaca, hemolymph
44
Metamorphosis - Step 2: PTTH reaches the ______ of the thorax and ______ production of ______, a hormone that stimulates _____.
Prothoracic gland, stimulates, ecdysone, molting
45
Metamorphosis - Step 4: ______ cells secrete _____ that dissolve _____.
Epidermal, enzymes, cuticle
46
Metamorphosis - Step 3: _____ stimulates _____ cells, which undergo _____
Ecdysone, epidermal, mitosis
47
Metamorphosis - Step 5: _____ cells lay down new _____ for next _____, recycling much of the old ______.
Epidermal, cuticle, instar, tissue
48
Enzyme resistant layer in new cuticle during metamorphosis
Cuticulin
49
Metamorphosis - Step 6: _____ - old cuticle separates from _____, throughout _____, _____, and _____.
Apolysis, epidermis, body wall, tracheal linings, fore- and hind-guts
50
Metamorphosis - Step 7: _____ - old cuticle splits apart and new instar _____. _____ is the term for the cast-off exoskeleton.
Ecdysis, emerges, Exuvium
51
Metamorphosis - Step 8: ______ - ______ of new exoskeleton
Sclerotization, hardening
52
3 key organs of metamorphosis
Corpora cadiaca, prothoracic gland, Corpora allata
53
Hormone that controls molt from juvenile to adult
Juvenile Hormone
54
Where is JH produced?
Corpora allata
55
Hormone that inhibits metamorphosis from juvenile to adult but does inhibit juvenile molting
Juvenile Hormone
56
3 steps and conclusion of Kopec experiment
Ligated caterpillars in middle of body (front half molted, back didn't), removed brain from caterpillar (didn't molt), left brain but cut nerve cord (molted). Brain triggers something, but not neurally transmitted
57
2 steps and conclusion of Fukuda experiment
Ligated posterior of prothorax (molted in front, not in back), Ligated posterior of prothorax and transplanted portion of prothroacic gland from thorax to abdomen (both parts molted). Brains triggers something in prothorax gland, transmitted in hemolymph.
58
Wigglesworth experiment and conclusion
Transplanted corpora allata from 4th instars into 5th instars, resulting in additional instar. Corpora allata produces JH that prevents juveniles from becoming adults
59
Movement of materials down a concentration gradient
Diffusion
60
3 organs used in respiration
Spiracles, Tracheae, Tracheoles
61
Organ of respiratory system that are openings in the integument.
Spiracles
62
How many spiracles do insects have and where are they?
2 on thorax, 8 on abdomen
63
Organ of respiratory system that are tubes that start at spiracles and end at tracheoles. Lined with cuticle and surrounded by epidermal cells
Tracheae
64
Organ of respiratory system that "delivers" oxygen to cells (oxygen diffuses through membrane into cells and into mitochondria)
Tracheoles
65
4 advantages of tracheae
Minimize external SA susceptible to water loss, lined with waterproof cuticle, spiracles can be opened and closed by muscles, filled with air (more efficient than blood or hemolymph)
66
2 disadvantages of tracheae
Diffusion is slow because oxygen must go into solution (imposes limit on insect size), system does not work well in low oxygen environments
67
How do vertebrates get oxygen to cells (3 steps)?
Bind oxygen to hemoglobin, oxygen carried through circulatory system, heart transports blood
68
3 ways that small water specialists undergo gas exchange
Spiracles remain closed, tracheae just under integument (widely distributed), diffusion of oxygen across body wall
69
Way that large water specialists undergo gas exchange
Tracheal gills
70
Thin, external extensions of body wall loaded with tracheae
Tracheal gills
71
3 ways aquatic insects use atmospheric oxygen
Siphon, physical gill (film of air attached to body surface), plastron (layer of air held by thick surface of hydrophobic hairs)
72
2 major types of mouthparts
Mandibulate, haustellate
73
First step of the digestive system after mouthpart
Parynx/pharygneal pump
74
How does the pharynx/pharygngeal pump function?
Musculature acts as a sucking pump
75
3 functions of salivary/labial glands
Extra-intestinal digestion, silk production, anti-coagulant production
76
How do parasitoid larvae absorb nutrients?
Directly from host through body wall
77
4 divisions of foregut
esophagus, crop, proventriculus, valve
78
Division of foregut that is a slender tube that works through muscle contractions
esophagus
79
Division of foregut that is temporary storage (i.e. for nectar)
Crop
80
Division of foregut that provides mechanical breakdown of food
Proventriculus
81
Division of foregut that regulates passage of food into midgut
Valve
82
Finger-like projections at anterior end of midgut
Gastric cacae
83
3 characteristics of midgut
Elongated tube with increased SA, lined with epithelia cells, valve to regulate passage to hindgut
84
2 functions of epithelia cells in midgut
secrete digestive enzymes, absorb nutrients and water
85
2 main function of foregut
Breaking up food, storage
86
Main function of midgut
absorbing nutrients
87
Main function of hindgut
Maintaining water balance
88
Location where Malphigian tubules attach
Ileum
89
Amorphous organ of accumulated lipids
Fat body
90
Where are fat bodies located?
Thorax and abdomen
91
2 functions of fat bodies
energy reserve, role in hormone secretion
92
Main function of excretory system
Maintain homeostasis by regulating water and salt balance in hemolymph
93
Two ways to main homeostasis in mammals
Active transport, ultra-filtration
94
Moving a solute against its concentration gradient (requires ATP) [ONLY IN MAMMALS]
Active transport
95
Pressure forces blood through semi permeable membrane [ONLY IN MAMMALS]
Ultra-filtration
96
Where does waste leave hemolymph?
Distal ends of tubules
97
3 ways waste leaves hemolymph
Epithelial cells move solutes in from hemolymph (active transport), water follows waste and salt into tubule, fluid moves down tubule, into Ileum of hindgut
98
Where does water return into the hemolymph?
Rectum (posterior of hind gut)
99
3 ways water returns into hemolymph
Epithelial cells move salts only back into hemolymph, water by osmosis, uric acid precipitates (secreted with other fecal material)
100
Fecal material of insects
Frass
101
2 ways vertebrate excretion differs from insect
Ultra-filtration, active transport only for absorption of nutrients
102
What type of urinary fluid do insects use?
uric acid
103
What type of urinary fluid do vertebrates use?
Urea
104
2 ways uric acid is more advantageous than urea
Precipitates more easily, more effective for water conservation

Insect (8 decks)

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