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Insect1 Flashcards

1
Q

How many named species of insects are there?

A

925,000

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2
Q

4 key characteristics that distinguish insects from other arthropods

A

Six legs, three body segments, wings, exoskeleton made from chitin

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3
Q

What are the three body segments of all insects?

A

Head, thorax, abdomen

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4
Q

5 reasons why there are so many insects

A

Design of exoskeleton with repetitive segments, wings power flight, association with plants, sociality, holometabolous metamorphosis

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5
Q

3 types of biodiversity of insects

A

Genetic, taxonomic, habitat

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6
Q

Biodiversity metric that is the total number of tax

A

Richness

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7
Q

4 assumptions made when dealing with richness

A

Taxon identity does not matter, number of individuals per taxon does not matter, all individuals within a species are equal, when comparing locations, similar numbers of individuals collected

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8
Q

Type of richness that is number of taxa within a local area (local richness)

A

Alpha

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9
Q

Type of richness that is variation in alpha richness among sites (species turnover)

A

Beta

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10
Q

Type of richness that is number of taxa across all sites in region (regional richness)

A

Gamma

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11
Q

What does Hurlbert’s PIE measure?

A

Probability that 2 randomly sampled individuals represent different species

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12
Q

When was the Paleozoic period?

A

414-247 mya

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13
Q

When was the Devonian epoch?

A

414-358 mya

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14
Q

3 characteristics of Devonian epoch

A

Arborescence evolved in plants, plants changed atmosphere, first “insect” fossils appear

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15
Q

When was the Carboniferous epoch?

A

359-290 mya

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16
Q

3 characteristics of Carboniferous epoch

A

Plant and insect diversity explosion, insects take flight, atmospheric oxygen very high

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17
Q

During the Carboniferous epoch, what did the high (35%) oxygen content of the atmosphere do to insects?

A

Allowed them to grow much larger

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18
Q

When was the Permian epoch?

A

290-248 mya

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19
Q

3 characteristics of Permian epoch

A

Largest insects ever, ends with mass extinction, decrease in oxygen concentration

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20
Q

When was the Mesozoic period?

A

247-65 mya

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21
Q

When was the Triassic epoch?

A

247-208 mya

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22
Q

3 characteristics of Triassic epoch

A

First “modern” families appear, ends with meteor impact, meteor did not affect insects

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23
Q

When was the Jurassic epoch?

A

207-146 mya

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24
Q

3 characteristics of Jurassic epoch

A

Dinosaurs dominate, insects don’t change very much, continent splits and fragments more

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25
When was the Cretaceous epoch?
145-65 mya
26
4 characteristics of Cretaceous epoch
Fragmentation and drifting of continents, co-radiation of insects and angiosperms, most "modern" insect families appear, ends with extinction of dinosaurs
27
When was the Cenozoic period?
65 mya - present
28
Hypothesis for relatedness of taxa based on shared ancestry. Based on morphology, behavior, DNA
Phylogeny
29
Category of like individuals
Taxon
30
Phylogenetic group that includes all descendants of a common ancestor
Monophyletic
31
Phylogenetic group that includes some, but not all, descendants of a common ancestor
Paraphyletic
32
Phylogenetic group that includes some descendants, but not the ancestor
Polyphyletic
33
Term that describes "advanced" traits. Shared trait that is recently evolved and appears only in a group of related species.
Apomorphy
34
Term that describes "primitive" traits. Trait that arose in a distant ancestor and is shared by members outside the group.
Pleisiomorphy
35
3 examples of pleisiomorphies of mammals
Vertebrae, eyes, 4 limbs
36
2 examples of apomorphies of mammals
Fur, mammary gland
37
2 characteristics that constitutes a useful taxonomic group
Monophyletic, shared derived characters
38
2 challenges of monophyly in taxonomy
Convergent evolution, secondary loss of derived characters
39
Independent evolution of similar characters
Convergent evolution
40
E.g. loss of hind wings in flies/photosynthesis in parasitic plants
Secondary loss of derived characters
41
How are competing hypotheses resolved in taxonomies?
Parsimony
42
What percent of all named species on earth belong to the phylum Arthropoda?
75%
43
5 defining characters of Arthropoda
Segmentation with regional specialization, jointed appendages, hardened exoskeleton, open circulatory system, tubular alimentary canal for excretion
44
2 basic groups that make up Arthropoda
Mandibulata, arachnomorpha
45
True or false: arachnomorpha have mandibles
FALSE
46
True or false: arachnomorpha have piercing structures
TRUE
47
What body segment does the group mandibulata have mandibles?
2nd
48
4 shared apomorphies of Atelocerata and Pancrustacea
Loss of 2nd antennal pair, internal head skeleton, tracheae, malphigian tubules
49
4 characteristics of class Diplopoda
two pairs of appendages on each body segment, scavengers, non-biting, ~10,000 species
50
2 characteristics of class Chilopoda
1 pair of appendages of each body segment, predatory
51
4 characteristics of class Arachnida
2 tagmata, no antennae, chelicerae (piercing/toxin), 6 pairs of appendages
52
3 characteristics of order Acari
Head and body fused, unsegmented abdomen, ~30,000 species
53
Mite that most human adults carry that can become problematic for immuno-compromised people
Demodex
54
What order are Chiggers in?
Acari
55
6 characteristics of order Opiliones
Head and body fused, segmented abdomen, mainly predatory, 6,000 species, not venomous, not spiders
56
3 characteristic of order Scorpiones
Segmented abdomen that terminates in stingers, 1800 species, nocturnal predators
57
3 characteristics of order Araneae
2 main body segments, venom gland at tip of chelicerae, 38,000 species
58
3 characteristics of the first tagmata
Brain, sensory perception, mouthparts
59
Characteristic of the second tagmata
Locomotion
60
4 characteristics of the third tagmata
Digestion, excretion, respiration, reproduction
61
Hardened sections of exoskeleton
Sclerites
62
3 functions of sclerites
Protection, transfer force of muscle contraction into movement, water/oxygen transfer
63
3 types of sclerites of abdomen
Tergites, pleurites, sternites
64
3 types of sclerites of thorax
notum, pleurites, sternites
65
Line of separation between sclerites due to folding of cuticle
Suture
66
5 features of abdomen
Visceral organs, 11 segments, reproduction (segments 8-11), spiracles location, cerci
67
Gas exchange structures found at the bottom of tergites and pleurites
Spiracles
68
Abdomen appendages used for sensory, defense, and copulation
Cerci
69
3 parts of thorax
Prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax
70
6 segments of legs
Coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, tarsus, claws
71
5 characteristics of wings (on thorax)
Hollow veins, veins contain nerves and hemolymph, muscles in thorax move them, veination is important taxonomic character, present only in adult stages (except mayflies)
72
4 parts of mouthpart
Labrum, mandibles, maxillae, labium
73
Section of mouthpart that is the "upper lip"; fused to clypeus and moves longitudinally
Labrum
74
Section of mouthpart that is the "jaws"; paired structures that move at right angle used for biting and chewing
Mandibles
75
Section of mouthpart that are paired structures that move at right angle which play sensory role
Maxillae
76
Section of mouthpart that is the "lower lip"; moves longitudinally and includes pair of sensory palps
Labium
77
How do siphons uncoil?
Hemolymph pressure
78
2 types of photoreceptors
Ocelli, compound eye
79
Single-lensed photoreceptor (simple eye)
Ocelli
80
Composed of many "ommatidia" (hexagonal units)
Compound eye
81
2 functions of antennae
Chemoreception, mechanoreception
82
4 parts of antennae
Antennal sclerite, scape, pedicel, flagellum
83
6 types of antennae
Setaceous, moniliform, filiform, geniculate, plumose, clubbed
84
3 parts of head
Mouthparts, eyes, antennae
85
2 parts of exoskeleton
Epidermis, cuticle
86
Inner living cell layer of exoskeleton which maintains the cuticle
Epidermis
87
Non-living layer of exoskeleton which is made up of chitin, proteins, and lipids
Cuticle
88
3 functions of cuticle layer of exoskeleton
Protection, water-proofing, structural support
89
2 types of metamorphosis
Holometabolous, hemimetabolous
90
What type of metamorphosis is considered "complete metamorphosis"?
Holometabolous
91
2 types of hemimetabolous metamorphosis
Ametabolous, hemimetabolous
92
3 orders of group Entognatha
Protura, Collembola, Diplura
93
8 characteristics of collembola
Wingless, collophore, internal mouthparts, most abundant hexopods on earth, lack tracheae, molt after reproduction, indirect sperm transfer, 7,000 species
94
Tubule structure for grooming, water uptake, and adhesion
Collophore
95
2 orders of group Apterygote
Archeognatha, Thysanura
96
7 characteristics of Thysanura
3 tails, external mouthparts, body flattened with scales, common household pests, indirect sperm transfer, molt after maturity, 370 species
97
2 orders of group Paleoptera
Ephemeropter, Odonata
98
4 shared characteristics of Ephemeroptera and Odonata
Large yes, aquatic nymphs and aerial adults, hemimetabolous, wings have direct flight muscle attachment
99
6 characteristics of Ephemeroptera
Wings prior to adult stage, fly fishing, feathery abdominal gills, large triangular wings held as tent, nymphs are scavengers, 2000 species
100
2 suborders of order Odonata
Anisoptera, Zygoptera
101
5 characteristics of Odonata
Large eyes with tiny antennae, 5000 species, highly predatory, direct sperm transfer, differences between anisoptera and zygoptera as nymphs

Insect (8 decks)

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