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Insect1 Flashcards

1
Q

How many named species of insects are there?

A

925,000

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2
Q

4 key characteristics that distinguish insects from other arthropods

A

Six legs, three body segments, wings, exoskeleton made from chitin

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3
Q

What are the three body segments of all insects?

A

Head, thorax, abdomen

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4
Q

5 reasons why there are so many insects

A

Design of exoskeleton with repetitive segments, wings power flight, association with plants, sociality, holometabolous metamorphosis

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5
Q

3 types of biodiversity of insects

A

Genetic, taxonomic, habitat

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6
Q

Biodiversity metric that is the total number of tax

A

Richness

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7
Q

4 assumptions made when dealing with richness

A

Taxon identity does not matter, number of individuals per taxon does not matter, all individuals within a species are equal, when comparing locations, similar numbers of individuals collected

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8
Q

Type of richness that is number of taxa within a local area (local richness)

A

Alpha

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9
Q

Type of richness that is variation in alpha richness among sites (species turnover)

A

Beta

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10
Q

Type of richness that is number of taxa across all sites in region (regional richness)

A

Gamma

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11
Q

What does Hurlbert’s PIE measure?

A

Probability that 2 randomly sampled individuals represent different species

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12
Q

When was the Paleozoic period?

A

414-247 mya

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13
Q

When was the Devonian epoch?

A

414-358 mya

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14
Q

3 characteristics of Devonian epoch

A

Arborescence evolved in plants, plants changed atmosphere, first “insect” fossils appear

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15
Q

When was the Carboniferous epoch?

A

359-290 mya

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16
Q

3 characteristics of Carboniferous epoch

A

Plant and insect diversity explosion, insects take flight, atmospheric oxygen very high

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17
Q

During the Carboniferous epoch, what did the high (35%) oxygen content of the atmosphere do to insects?

A

Allowed them to grow much larger

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18
Q

When was the Permian epoch?

A

290-248 mya

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19
Q

3 characteristics of Permian epoch

A

Largest insects ever, ends with mass extinction, decrease in oxygen concentration

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20
Q

When was the Mesozoic period?

A

247-65 mya

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21
Q

When was the Triassic epoch?

A

247-208 mya

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22
Q

3 characteristics of Triassic epoch

A

First “modern” families appear, ends with meteor impact, meteor did not affect insects

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23
Q

When was the Jurassic epoch?

A

207-146 mya

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24
Q

3 characteristics of Jurassic epoch

A

Dinosaurs dominate, insects don’t change very much, continent splits and fragments more

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25
Q

When was the Cretaceous epoch?

A

145-65 mya

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26
Q

4 characteristics of Cretaceous epoch

A

Fragmentation and drifting of continents, co-radiation of insects and angiosperms, most “modern” insect families appear, ends with extinction of dinosaurs

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27
Q

When was the Cenozoic period?

A

65 mya - present

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28
Q

Hypothesis for relatedness of taxa based on shared ancestry. Based on morphology, behavior, DNA

A

Phylogeny

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29
Q

Category of like individuals

A

Taxon

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30
Q

Phylogenetic group that includes all descendants of a common ancestor

A

Monophyletic

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31
Q

Phylogenetic group that includes some, but not all, descendants of a common ancestor

A

Paraphyletic

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32
Q

Phylogenetic group that includes some descendants, but not the ancestor

A

Polyphyletic

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33
Q

Term that describes “advanced” traits. Shared trait that is recently evolved and appears only in a group of related species.

A

Apomorphy

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34
Q

Term that describes “primitive” traits. Trait that arose in a distant ancestor and is shared by members outside the group.

A

Pleisiomorphy

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35
Q

3 examples of pleisiomorphies of mammals

A

Vertebrae, eyes, 4 limbs

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36
Q

2 examples of apomorphies of mammals

A

Fur, mammary gland

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37
Q

2 characteristics that constitutes a useful taxonomic group

A

Monophyletic, shared derived characters

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38
Q

2 challenges of monophyly in taxonomy

A

Convergent evolution, secondary loss of derived characters

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39
Q

Independent evolution of similar characters

A

Convergent evolution

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40
Q

E.g. loss of hind wings in flies/photosynthesis in parasitic plants

A

Secondary loss of derived characters

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41
Q

How are competing hypotheses resolved in taxonomies?

A

Parsimony

42
Q

What percent of all named species on earth belong to the phylum Arthropoda?

A

75%

43
Q

5 defining characters of Arthropoda

A

Segmentation with regional specialization, jointed appendages, hardened exoskeleton, open circulatory system, tubular alimentary canal for excretion

44
Q

2 basic groups that make up Arthropoda

A

Mandibulata, arachnomorpha

45
Q

True or false: arachnomorpha have mandibles

A

FALSE

46
Q

True or false: arachnomorpha have piercing structures

A

TRUE

47
Q

What body segment does the group mandibulata have mandibles?

A

2nd

48
Q

4 shared apomorphies of Atelocerata and Pancrustacea

A

Loss of 2nd antennal pair, internal head skeleton, tracheae, malphigian tubules

49
Q

4 characteristics of class Diplopoda

A

two pairs of appendages on each body segment, scavengers, non-biting, ~10,000 species

50
Q

2 characteristics of class Chilopoda

A

1 pair of appendages of each body segment, predatory

51
Q

4 characteristics of class Arachnida

A

2 tagmata, no antennae, chelicerae (piercing/toxin), 6 pairs of appendages

52
Q

3 characteristics of order Acari

A

Head and body fused, unsegmented abdomen, ~30,000 species

53
Q

Mite that most human adults carry that can become problematic for immuno-compromised people

A

Demodex

54
Q

What order are Chiggers in?

A

Acari

55
Q

6 characteristics of order Opiliones

A

Head and body fused, segmented abdomen, mainly predatory, 6,000 species, not venomous, not spiders

56
Q

3 characteristic of order Scorpiones

A

Segmented abdomen that terminates in stingers, 1800 species, nocturnal predators

57
Q

3 characteristics of order Araneae

A

2 main body segments, venom gland at tip of chelicerae, 38,000 species

58
Q

3 characteristics of the first tagmata

A

Brain, sensory perception, mouthparts

59
Q

Characteristic of the second tagmata

A

Locomotion

60
Q

4 characteristics of the third tagmata

A

Digestion, excretion, respiration, reproduction

61
Q

Hardened sections of exoskeleton

A

Sclerites

62
Q

3 functions of sclerites

A

Protection, transfer force of muscle contraction into movement, water/oxygen transfer

63
Q

3 types of sclerites of abdomen

A

Tergites, pleurites, sternites

64
Q

3 types of sclerites of thorax

A

notum, pleurites, sternites

65
Q

Line of separation between sclerites due to folding of cuticle

A

Suture

66
Q

5 features of abdomen

A

Visceral organs, 11 segments, reproduction (segments 8-11), spiracles location, cerci

67
Q

Gas exchange structures found at the bottom of tergites and pleurites

A

Spiracles

68
Q

Abdomen appendages used for sensory, defense, and copulation

A

Cerci

69
Q

3 parts of thorax

A

Prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax

70
Q

6 segments of legs

A

Coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, tarsus, claws

71
Q

5 characteristics of wings (on thorax)

A

Hollow veins, veins contain nerves and hemolymph, muscles in thorax move them, veination is important taxonomic character, present only in adult stages (except mayflies)

72
Q

4 parts of mouthpart

A

Labrum, mandibles, maxillae, labium

73
Q

Section of mouthpart that is the “upper lip”; fused to clypeus and moves longitudinally

A

Labrum

74
Q

Section of mouthpart that is the “jaws”; paired structures that move at right angle used for biting and chewing

A

Mandibles

75
Q

Section of mouthpart that are paired structures that move at right angle which play sensory role

A

Maxillae

76
Q

Section of mouthpart that is the “lower lip”; moves longitudinally and includes pair of sensory palps

A

Labium

77
Q

How do siphons uncoil?

A

Hemolymph pressure

78
Q

2 types of photoreceptors

A

Ocelli, compound eye

79
Q

Single-lensed photoreceptor (simple eye)

A

Ocelli

80
Q

Composed of many “ommatidia” (hexagonal units)

A

Compound eye

81
Q

2 functions of antennae

A

Chemoreception, mechanoreception

82
Q

4 parts of antennae

A

Antennal sclerite, scape, pedicel, flagellum

83
Q

6 types of antennae

A

Setaceous, moniliform, filiform, geniculate, plumose, clubbed

84
Q

3 parts of head

A

Mouthparts, eyes, antennae

85
Q

2 parts of exoskeleton

A

Epidermis, cuticle

86
Q

Inner living cell layer of exoskeleton which maintains the cuticle

A

Epidermis

87
Q

Non-living layer of exoskeleton which is made up of chitin, proteins, and lipids

A

Cuticle

88
Q

3 functions of cuticle layer of exoskeleton

A

Protection, water-proofing, structural support

89
Q

2 types of metamorphosis

A

Holometabolous, hemimetabolous

90
Q

What type of metamorphosis is considered “complete metamorphosis”?

A

Holometabolous

91
Q

2 types of hemimetabolous metamorphosis

A

Ametabolous, hemimetabolous

92
Q

3 orders of group Entognatha

A

Protura, Collembola, Diplura

93
Q

8 characteristics of collembola

A

Wingless, collophore, internal mouthparts, most abundant hexopods on earth, lack tracheae, molt after reproduction, indirect sperm transfer, 7,000 species

94
Q

Tubule structure for grooming, water uptake, and adhesion

A

Collophore

95
Q

2 orders of group Apterygote

A

Archeognatha, Thysanura

96
Q

7 characteristics of Thysanura

A

3 tails, external mouthparts, body flattened with scales, common household pests, indirect sperm transfer, molt after maturity, 370 species

97
Q

2 orders of group Paleoptera

A

Ephemeropter, Odonata

98
Q

4 shared characteristics of Ephemeroptera and Odonata

A

Large yes, aquatic nymphs and aerial adults, hemimetabolous, wings have direct flight muscle attachment

99
Q

6 characteristics of Ephemeroptera

A

Wings prior to adult stage, fly fishing, feathery abdominal gills, large triangular wings held as tent, nymphs are scavengers, 2000 species

100
Q

2 suborders of order Odonata

A

Anisoptera, Zygoptera

101
Q

5 characteristics of Odonata

A

Large eyes with tiny antennae, 5000 species, highly predatory, direct sperm transfer, differences between anisoptera and zygoptera as nymphs

Insect (8 decks)

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