Test 2: Terms Flashcards
Transubstantiation
The change by which the substance (though not the appearance) of the bread and wine in the Eucharist becomes Christ’s Real Presence
Titulus
An “inscription” is a term used for the labels or captions naming figures or subjects in art, which were commonly added in classical and medieval art
Baptistery
A hall or chapel situated close to, or connected with, a church, in which the sacrament of baptism is administered.
Cathedra
The cathedra was used in the early Christian basilica as a raised bishop’s throne placed near the wall of the apse, behind the altar. Origin of Cathedral
Martyria
A place housing remains of a Christian Martyr
Nave
Extends from the Narthex to the Trancepts or Chancel. Central Aisle.
Chancel
Portion of a church containing the choir.
Exclusively for clergy and choir members.
Transcept
The transverse part of a cruciform church, crossing the nave at right angles.
Ambulatory
Continuation of the aisle on the sides of the nave and continuing around the apse or chancel.
Narthex
Enclosed porch
Usually Colonnaded or Arcaded.
Crossing the width of the church at the entrance.
Choir
The area of a church designed to accommodate the liturgical singers
located in the chancel between the nave and the altar.
Pendentive
A triangular segment of a spherical surface, filling in the upper corners of a room, in order to form, at the top, a circular support for a dome.
Spolia
Re-used buliding material.
3 Laws of the Mosque
- Community- for assembly for prayer
- Enclosure
- Directionality
Six Architectural elements of a Mosque
- Surrounding wall
- Open courtyard for assembly
- Column hall( prayer hall)
- Center of (hauz) for ablutions for purification rituals
- Minrab - niche toward mecca
- Tower/minaret that faces towards east
Mohammed
Died 632AD
Jihad
Holy War. A religious duty of Muslims.
Caliph
Head of state or Islamic Ruler
Ablutions
Ritualistic washing of oneself.
Sahn
Large open courtyard in Islamic architecture.
Hauz
A stepwell or tank, as built in India and many parts of Central Asia.
Minrab
A semicircular niche in the wall of a mosque that indicates the direction of the Kaaba in Mecca and hence the direction that Muslims should face when praying.
Minbar
A pulpit in the mosque where the imam (prayer leader) stands to deliver sermons.
Minaret
Tall spire, usually free-standing, in an Islamic Mosque.
Used primarily for call to prayer.
Characteristic elements include muqarnas, horseshoe arches, voussoirs, domes, crenellated arches, lancet arches, ogee arches, courtyards, and decorative tile work
Moorish Architecture:
Muslims…sebass
Horseshoe Arch
Arches resembling the shape of horseshoes.
Polylobed Arch
This shit bro ->
Chaitya
- Originally, a tumulus.
- Later, a Buddhist sanctuary, shrine or place of religious worship. A hall for assembly.
Vihara
A Buddhist or Jain monastery in Indian architecture.
Stupa
A Buddhist memorial mound
Circumambulatory Path
Path around a stuppa
Harmika
tree thing on top of a stupa
Brahma
The Hindu god of creation.
Vishnu
Hindu. The Supreme God of Hinduism. The all-pervading essence of all beings.
Shiva
Hindu. “The Destroyer” or “the Transformer.”
Lakshmi
The Hindu Goddess of wealth, prosperity (both material and spiritual), fortune, and the embodiment of beauty. She is wife of Vishnu.
Parvati
The second consort of Shiva, the Hindu God of destruction and rejuvenation.
Durga/Kali
Hindu. “The inaccessible” or “the invincible”; Durga is the most popular incarnation of Devi. Goddess associated with empowerment.
Ganesh
Hindu. The remover of obstacles, the patron of arts and sciences and the deva of intellect and wisdom.
Mount Meru
A sacred mountain considered to be the center of all the physical, metaphysical and spiritual universes.
Gopura
The entrance gateway to a Hindu temple enclosure.
Vimana
A temple or palace, or even a mythological flying palace.
Shikhara
The rising tower where the presiding deity is enshrined is the most prominent and visible part of a Hindu temple.
Nagara Type Vs. Dravida Type
Both are intended to lead from the temporal world to the eternal. But the Dravida type has a court yard before its tower.
Amaterasu
A part of the Japanese myth cycle and also a major deity of the Shinto religion. She is the goddess of the sun, but also of the universe.
Torii
A traditional Japanese gate most commonly found at the entrance of or within a Shinto shrine, where it symbolically marks the transition from the profane to the sacred.
Shoden
A school of Japanese swordsmanship.
Three styles of the Medieval Period in Western Europe
- Carolingian
- Romanesque
- Gothic
Carolingian Characteristics
- Geometric patterns
- Grid system instead of orders system
- Doesn’t follow proportion system
Three Characteristics of Romanesque
- Blind arcading
- Transverse arch
- Reappearance of the vault nave.
Three Roman Classifications
- Large size
- Geometrical order
- Classical details
Three Faces of English Gothic
Early: 1220-1260
Decorated: 1321-1337
Perpendicular: 1337-1367
Ribbed Vault
The intersection of two or three barrel vaults produces a rib vault or ribbed vault when they are edged with an armature of piped masonry often carved in decorative patterns
Impost Block
a projecting block resting on top of a column or embedded in a wall, serving as the base for the springer or lowest voussoir of an arch.
Blind Arcading
An arcade that is composed of a series of arches that has no actual openings and that is applied to the surface of a wall as a decorative element.
Transverse Arch
An arch whose span is at right angles to the length of a vaulted space.
Arched Tympanum
A semi-circular or triangular decorative wall surface over an entrance, bounded by an arch.
Compound Pier
A feature of a nave arcade designed for the support of arches and to bring arch and pier into harmony. Cross-shaped in section, with shafts placed in the recesses.
Archivolt
Composed of bands of ornamental moldings surrounding an arched opening.
Lombard Screen Façade
facade which is so highly decorated with sculpture or other decorative elements that it acts as a screen placed in front of the facade. It may seem to hide the face of the building from view.
Campanile
A bell tower.
Polychromy
The use of many colors in decoration.
Three Forms of Gothic Architecture
- Skelentized walls
- Verticality
- Transformation of light through color( stain Glass)
Rayonnant Style
The middle phase of French Gothic architecture in the 13th and 14th cent., characterized by radiating lines of tracery.
Skeletontinized walls
Light with tons of windows for the divine light to come through. This where they paired the walls the walls to a minimum for windows to take precedents.
Verticality
Obsession to drive for high ceilings to get closer to god. This was where they went from regular arches to pointed arches.
Transformation of Light through color
Lancet and rose windows took their place. Jewel toned glass-stained glass windows. Give an outer worldly feel.
Gothic Structural Innovations
- Ribbed vault
- Pointed arch
- Flying buttress
Flying Buttress
A mass of masonry built against a wall to resist the pressure of an arch or vault. A flying buttress is an arch starting from the detached pier and abutting against a wall to take the thrust of the vaulting.( Sir Banister)
Pointed Arch
Any Arch with a point at its apex, characteristics of but not confined to Gothic Architecture. (Harris)
Chevet
Elaborate design of the area around the altar, adding a curved ambulatory behind it and constructing a series of apses or small chapels radiating from the ambulatory.
Tribune
Elected officials in the Roman Republic with the power to convene the Plebeian Council, act as their president, and propose legislation before it.
Gargoyle
A waterspout projecting from the roof gutter of a building, often carved grotesquely.
Lancet
Tall, narrow window with a pointed arch at its top.
Mullion
An upright that divides windows or other openings set in a series.
Rose Window
circular window divided into segments by stone mullions and tracery
Tracery
A pattern of curvilinear stonework elements within the upper part of a medieval window or screen.
Wall Buttress
Structure build directly against a wall for support
Tierceron Vault
A vault consisting of unnecessary ribs all transverse in nature, often intersecting a ridge rib.
Ogee arch
An s-shaped double curve consisting of a concave and a convex part.
Fan Vault
A vault in which the ribs are all of the same curve and spaced equidistantly, in a manner resembling a fan.
Stone Tracery
Appears like a glass cage for a window.
Window types
- Lancet
- Rose window
St. Augustine’s City of God
A book he wrote to explain Christianity’s relationship with competing religions and philosophies, as well as its relationship with the Roman government.
Mendicant Friars
- begged for food
- mission for the poor
- reforming the church to a more simplistic approach to life
Mendicant Churches
Two different orders of this style of church:
• Franciscan
• Dominican
Characteristics of these churches:
• usage of decorative stone
• colored stone
• polychromic details
• more practical people
Town Hall
A symbol of town pride.
New Medieval building type:
• a bell tower/campanile
• second floor meeting for council hall
• a plaza in the front façade
• a speaker balcony- stair/landing/balcony
• loggia
Palazzo Pubblico
Civic hall
Rathaus
German word meaning “council house”, “town halls”, “city halls”, or “guildhalls”.
Hotel De Ville
The building housing the city’s local administration in Paris, France.
Loggia
a gallery or corridor at ground level, sometimes higher, on the façade of a building and open to the air on one side, where it is supported by columns or pierced openings in the wall.
Corbeled Vault
Offsetting successive layers of stone/brick at the springline of the walls until they meet in the middle, each supporting the layer above.
Roof Comb
A wall along the ridge of a roof; used to give an appearance of additional height.
Three zones of Mayan Culture
- central location/ceremonial plaza
- outer/agricultural land
- zone in between/ houses( sporadic random pattern of clusters instead of stone/derived from huts but increasing towards the central area)
Characteristic of Mayan Culture
- scattered planning
- no geometrical planning or order
- no alignment to north and south
- growth not expected
- close to the plaza on North and east
- gradual fluid planning
- bounded by pattern of courtyards
- built higher up into the canopy of the forest
- ideals were to be closer to the gods
- Quasi concrete construction
- stone roofs
- carved motifs of gods
Temple Usages
- human sacrifices to the gods
- ceremony to cut heart out of sacrificial sacrifice and peel their skin off to dry and put their skull on skull rack
- sequence use
- unity
- formal use
- temples were locked views
- no obvious geometric pattern
