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Pharmacology 1 Practice Questions > Test 2 Sympathetic Nervous System > Flashcards

Test 2 Sympathetic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

The preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are _______

while the postganglionic neurons are _________

A

In the sympathetic nervous system

Preganglionic are SHORT

Postganglionic are LONG

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2
Q

The primary neurotransmitter at the terminal synapse in the

sympathetic nervous system

is

A

Norepinephrine

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3
Q

**NE **is stored in __________

Once in the synaptic cleft, NE interacts with receptors and initiates a _______ ______ response

The NE then dissociates and is taken back up by the ________ neuron

Some of the NE is broken down by ________

A

**NE **is stored in lysosomes

Once in the synaptic cleft, NE interacts with receptors and initiates a second messenger response

The NE then dissociates and is taken back up by the presynaptic neuron

Some of the NE is broken down by Monoamine Oxidase (MAO)

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4
Q

The receptors found in the sympathetic nervous system are adrenergic receptors

When stimulated, which one causes

Vasodilation

Mydriasis

A

Alpha-1

Agonist: Phenylephrine

Antagonist: Prazosin

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5
Q

The receptors found in the sympathetic nervous system are adrenergic receptors.

When stimulated, which one causes:

Sedation

Analgesia

A

Alpha-2

Agonists: Xylazine and Detomidine

Antagonists: Yohimbine and Atipamezole

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6
Q

The receptors found in the sympathetic nervous system are adrenergic receptors.

When stimulated, which one causes:

** + Inotropy**

+Chronotropy

A

Beta-1

Agonists: Dobutamine, Dopamine

Antagonists: Atenolol, Metoprolol

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7
Q

The receptors found in the sympathetic nervous system are adrenergic receptors.

When stimulated, which one causes:

Bronchodilation

Uterine relaxation

A

Beta-2

Agonists: Salbutamol, Clenbuterol

Antagonists: Propanolol

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8
Q

The receptors found in the sympathetic nervous system are adrenergic receptors.

When stimulated, which one causes:

Lipolysis

A

Beta-3

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9
Q

Endogenous substances that serve as hormones and neurotransmitters

A

Catecholamines

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10
Q

Activates all adrenergic receptors

A catecholamine

Solution for injection

Can be given IV, IM, SC, but NOT PO

Will not cross the BBB

Used in Tx of cardiac arrest, anaphylaxis

A

Epinephine

  • Do not use in glaucoma, shock, or tachycardias*
  • Cannot use with some anesthetics*
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11
Q

A catecholamine

Agonist at Alpha receptors and Beta-1 receptors

Injectable, IV

More potent vasoconstriction than Epinephrine

Can cause a baroreceptor response (reflex vagal bradycardia)

A

Norepinephrine

Avoid extravasation, potential for tissue damage

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12
Q

A catecholamine

Precursor to NE

Acts directly and indirectly on Alpha and Beta-1 receptors, and Dopamine receptors

Injection, IV

Very short half-life

Different doses act on different parts of the body

A

Dopamine

Avoid extravasation, potential tissue damage

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13
Q

Synthetic catecholamine

Nonselective Beta-1 and Beta-2 agonist

Injectable

Tx of **bradyarrhythmias **and acute bronchoconstriction

Increases myocardial oxygen consumption

Decreases peripheral vascular resistance

A

Isoproterenol

Can cause tachycardia

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14
Q

Synthetic catecholamine

Beta-1 agonist with weak Beta-2 and Alpha-1 activity (cancel out)

Injectable, very short half life

Used as a positive inotrope

May increase cardiac blood flow and oxygen demand

A

Dobutamine

Caution with increased myocardial oxygen demand (after cardiac infarction)

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15
Q

Selective alpha-1 agonist (beta-1 agonist at high doses)

Oral, Injectable, Intranasal, Ophthalmic

Tx sytemically hypotension/shock

Tx locally vasoconstriction

Tx locally on the eye mydriatic

Can be used to Dx Horner’s Syndrome (sympathetic lesion)

A

Phenylephrine

Caution when using systemically. Systemic effects in small patients using topical and in large patients with repeated doses

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16
Q

Selective alpha-2 agonist, ophthalmic med

Reduces aqueous humor formation

With chronic use, increases uveoscleral outflow

May have a protective effect on the retina and optic nerve

Mydriasis may occur, though not potent

Used as an adjunct to treat glaucoma

FEW adverse effects in animals

A

Brimonidine

In humans, can increase eyelash growth

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17
Q

Agonists at Beta-1,2, and especially Beta-3 receptors

Referred to as “partitioning agents” to reduce fat deposition and *increase muscle *

in late finishing meat animals

A

Ractopamine and Zilpaterol

18
Q

Selective Beta-2 agonist

Oral, Aerosol, or Solution for Nebulization

Poor oral absorption, very high pKa, very good mucosal absorption via inhalation

Used in horses and cats to treat asthma

A

Albuterol/ Salbutamol

19
Q

Selective Beta-2 agonist

Available as a vet approved oral syrup for use in equines

NOT permitted in food animals

Sometimes used to Tx equine dystocia

A

Clenbuterol

20
Q

Selective Beta-2 agonist

Minimal beta-2 effects, and no alpha effects

Tx for bronchoconstriction due to asthma or COPD

Used more in small animals

Bioavailability is TERRIBLE in equines

A

Terbutaline

21
Q

Beta-2 agonist

Acts as a peripheral vasodilator and causes uterine relaxation

Sometimes used as a tocolytic in cattle

A

Isoxsuprine

22
Q

This group of drugs is typically used for their CNS effects

for “Behavioral Therapy”

A

Indirect Acting Sympathomimetics

  • Clomipramine (tricyclic antidepressants)*
  • Fluoxetine (SSRIs)*
  • Selegeline (MAOIs)*
23
Q

________ blocks NE reuptake

while

________ increases NE release

-

A

Cocaine blocks NE reuptake

while

Amphetamine increases NE release

24
Q

This mixed acting sympathomimetic

primarily acts indirectly through increased release of NE in the

bladder neck/urethra. It also has direct alpha-1 agonist activity

Oral, Tablets, Extended Release, Oral Solution

Used mostly in small animals (canines) to treat urinary incontinence due to

urethral sphincter hypotonus

<em>Estrogens</em><em>may increase expression of alpha-1 receptors in the urinary sphincter, so you can see synergism</em>

A

Phenylpropanolomine

Side effects include: Restlessness, urinary retention, tachycardia, hypertension, anorexia

25
Q

This mixed acting sympathomimetic causes indirect release of NE (primary action)

Has some direct alpha-1 and beta activation

It can cause vasoconstriction, cardiac stimulation, bronchodilation, urinary sphincter contraction, and mydriasis

It is not used pharmacologically at this time, but can be a component in some

herbal therapies (Ma Huang)

A

Ephedrine/ Pseudoephedrine

26
Q

This direct acting sympatholytic drug

is a non-specific alpha antagonist that binds irreversibly to the receptor

Oral, capsule forms

Takes a few days to see a clinical response

Most commonly used in **small animals **to treat **urinary retention **by relaxing internal smooth muscle sphincter

and can be combined with benzodiazepines to relax the skeletal muscles

Used to manage pheochromocytoma perioperatively and manage hypertension

A

Phenoxybenzamine

  • Can cause excessive alpha-blockade leading to hypotension and tachycardia*
  • May cause miosis, changes in intraocular eye pressure, or GI signs*
27
Q

This direct acing sympatholytic is an alpha-1 antagonist

Oral, and capsular form

Commonly used to treat urinary retention by relaxing smooth muscle sphincter

Compared to phenoxybenzamine, this drug may have greater effect, faster onset,

but potentially greater cardiovascular effects

A

Prazosin

28
Q

This group of drugs are beta-adrenergic antagonists

and will generally

decrease cardiac rate and contractility.

They are used to treat tachycardias

A

Beta-Blockers

  • Propanolol*
  • Timolol*
  • Metoprolol*
  • Atenolol*
  • Esmolol*
  • Sotalol*

STAMPE

29
Q

Out of all the beta-blockers (beta-adrenergic antagonists)

Which ones are non-selective?

A

Propanolol

Timolol

Sotalol

30
Q

This drug has been used in the treatment of methylxanthine (chocolate) toxicity

and is longer lasting than other beta-blockers

A

Metoprolol

31
Q

What 2 drugs have been used to treat methylxanthine (chocolate) toxicity?

A

Propanolol

and

Metoprolol

32
Q

Which beta-blocker is used ophthalmically in the treatment of

glaucoma, and as a preventitive in the contralateral eye?

A

Timolol

33
Q

Because beta-blockers can cause an increase in airway resistance and bronchospasm, which beta-blocker would you use preferentially in the treatment of an animal with asthma?

A

Atenolol

Has beta-1 selectivity, so less effect on beta-2 receptors in the lungs

34
Q

Which beta-blocker is membrane stabilizing?

A

Propanolol

35
Q

This beta-blocker has very short duration of action

and lacks any membrane-stabilizing effects. It is used to test patients for

sensitivity to beta-blocker therapy

A

Esmolol

36
Q

This beta-blocker is a Class III Antiarrythmic and less potent than propanolol.

It acts like an anti-arrhythmic by prolonging the duration of cardiac action potentials and refractory period

Unlike any other beta-blocker, it is used to manage ventricular tachyarrhythmias

A

Sotalol!

37
Q

This is the only indirect acting sympatholytic

Blocks monoamine transporters thus reducing NE uptake into vesicles

This leads to reduced storage of NE and mediator depletion

Used as a calming agent for equines for long-term stall rest

A

Reserpine

38
Q

________ is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS

A

GABA

THIS IS VERY IMPORTANT! KNOW THIS!

39
Q

What are the 6 cotransmitters which are responsible for fine tuning the effects

of autonomic activity on tissues

A

ATP

VIP

GnRH

GABA

Serotonin

Dopamine

40
Q

What is NANC transmission?

A

Non-Adrenergic Non-Cholinergic transmission

Occurs and NO acetylcholine or epinephrine is needed!

The most important of these is NO (Nitric Oxide)

potent smooth muscle relaxant that causes vasodilation

41
Q

This is the most important agent of NANC transmission

and is a potent smooth muscle relaxant that causes vasodilation

A

NITRIC OXIDE!!!

Pharmacology 1 Practice Questions (6 decks)

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