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Pharmacology 1 Practice Questions > Test 2 Parasympathetic Nervous System > Flashcards

Test 2 Parasympathetic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

“fight or flight”

A

sympathetic nervous system

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2
Q

“rest and digest”

A

parasympathetic nervous system

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3
Q

Parasympathomimetic

A

Drug that stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system

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4
Q

Parasympatholytic

A

Drug that blocks the parasympathetic nervous system

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5
Q

Where does the parasympathetic nervous system originate?

A

In the central nervous system at the craniosacral region of the spinal cord

Cranial nerves: 3, 7, 9, 10

Sacral spinal segments: S2 - S4

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6
Q

Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons are __________

and postganglionic neurons are __________

A

Preganglionic are LONG

Postganglionic are SHORT

in the parasympathetic nervous system

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7
Q

The predominate neurotransmitter at the terminal synapses of

parasympathetic neurons

A

Acetylcholine (cholinergic)

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8
Q

The two major cholinergic (acetylcholine) receptors of the

parasympathetic nervous system

are

A

Muscarinic Recceptors

Nicotinic Receptors

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9
Q

This receptor of the parasympathetic nervous system

is present at all ganglionic and somatic synapses

A

Nicotinic receptors

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10
Q

This receptor of the parasympathetic nervous system

is found on only the target tissues of the parasympathetic nervous system

A

Muscarinic receptors

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11
Q

The 3 EXCITATORY

Muscarinic Receptors of the parasympathetic nervous system

A

M1

M3

M5

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12
Q

Receptor of the parasympathetic nervous system

that is

Excitatory

Neural (CNS stimulation, gastric acid secretion, increased GI motility)

A

M1

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13
Q

Receptor of the parasympathetic nervous system

that is

Excitatory

Glandular (secretions, smooth muscle contraction, vasodilation)

A

M3

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14
Q

Receptor of the parasympathetic nervous system

that is

Excitatory

Salivary glands, iris

A

M5

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15
Q

The receptor of the parasympathetic nervous system

that is

Inhibitory

Cardiac (and neural inhibition)

A

M2

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16
Q

The receptor of the parasympathetic nervous system

that is

Inhibitory

CNS/Smooth muscle

A

M4

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17
Q

When **acetylcholine **is released at the ganglia

A

It stimulates the post-synaptic neuron to carry on the action potential

18
Q

When **acetylcholine **is released at the neuromuscular junction

A

It stimulates muscle contraction

19
Q

When acetylcholine is released at the CNS, it can cause

A

convulsions

20
Q

When acetylcholine is released at a parasympathetic terminal synapse with the

target organ, it will facilitate ____________ signs

A

Muscarinic signs

Diarrhea

Urination (smooth muscle contraction)

Miosis

Bradycardia (slowing of heart)

Bronchoconstriction

Emesis (increased GI motility)

Lacrimation

Salivations (increases secretions)

21
Q

Drugs that cause the same response as acetylcholine

that interact directly with post-synaptic receptors

A

Muscarinic agonists

will cause muscarinic signs

Diarrhea, Urination, Miosis,

Bradycardia, Bronchoconstriction, Emesis,

Lacrimation, Salivation

22
Q

What are the direct acting

parasympathomimetics?

A

Bethanechol

Pilocarpine

  • will cause muscarinic signs*
  • DUMBBELS*
23
Q

What are the indirect-acting

parasympathomimetics

that are reversible?

A

Neostigmine

Pyridostigmine

Edrophonium

Physostigmine

Demarcarium

  • These impair the function of acetylcholinesterase, so acetylcholine cannot be*
  • bound or broken down. These will have muscarinic effects*
24
Q

Oral medication

Tx of urinary disorders

(associated with spinal injury) (lower motor neuron bladder dysfunction)

Muscarinic agonist

M3 selectivity (excitatory-glandular: secretion, smooth muscle cont. vasodilation)

Stimulates detrusor muscle contraction

A

Bethanechol

only used if urethra is patent (no obstruction)

25
Q

Ophthalmic medication

Used to *stimulate miosis *to decrease intraocular pressure

or to localize the cause of anisocoria

A

Pilocarpine

should not be used if anterior uveitis or lens luxation

26
Q

Impairs the function of acetylcholinesterase

Approved in cattle, horses, pigs, and sheep

Injection med

ARCI Class 3

Tx of rumen atony

Used to stimulate intestinal motility in horses

Can be used to reverse competitive NMBs

A

Neostigmine

27
Q

Longer duration than Neostigmine

Impairs the function of acetylcholinesterase

Used to Tx myasthenia gravis in small animals

A

Pyridostigmine

28
Q

Very short acting anticholinesterase

Used in the Dx of myasthenia gravis

Used to differentiate between *myasthenic crisis *and cholinergic crisis

Requires a “crash cart” with atropine on hand when testing

A

Edrophonium

29
Q

Topical ophthalmic drug

Used to induce miosis that will last 12 hours

Used systemically to Tx Ivermectin toxicity in dogs

Used to Dx narcolepsy in dogs and horses

Unlike other cholinesterase inhibitors, it WILL cross the BBB

A

Physostigmine

Should not be used if anterior uveitis or lens luxation

30
Q

An anticholinesterase drug

A topical ophthalmic drug

Used to induce miosis in the management of glaucoma

A

Demarcarium

31
Q

Toxicity that induces

Muscarinic signs –> Nicotinic Excitement (muscle tremors, CNS excitement)–> Nicotinic blockade

A

Carbamate Insecticide Toxicity

involves a very high dose, WILL cross the BBB

32
Q

Echothiophate Iodide

and

Organophosphate Insecticides

are both

A

Irreversible INDIRECT acting parasympathomimetics

33
Q

Topical ophthalmic drug

Not used clinically very often

Can undergo “aging”

Induced miosis that will last 12 hours, decreases intraocular pressure

A

Echothiophate iodide

do not use if anterior uveitis or lens luxation

34
Q

What is the antidote to organophosphate toxicity

A

2-PAM/ Pralidoxime

can also be treated with atropine

35
Q

These drugs act as muscarinic antagonists

preventing the action of acetylcholine at PSNS target tissues

A

Direct Acting ParasympathoLYTICS

36
Q

A non-specific muscarinic antagonist

Injectable or Ophthalmic

An alkaloid originally extracted from the belladonna plant

Its major actions are antimuscarinic

Most often used to Tx bradycardias

Can be used to Tx OP and Carbamate toxicity

A

Atropine

  • Do not use if glaucoma because will increase intraocular pressure*
  • Do not use if pre-existing tachycardia*
  • Can cause cycloplegia (blurred vision), panic in horses*
  • Severe hypersalivation in cats using ophthalmic formula (very bitter)*
  • Rabbits metabolize Atropine VERY quickly, can’t use in rabbits*
37
Q

A muscarinic antagonist

Injectable form

It is a **quaternary ammonium compound **so it does NOT cross the BBB

Preferred over Atropine in Rabbits

A

Glycopyrrolate

38
Q

What is the difference between Atropine and Glycopyrrolate

A

Atropine crosses the BBB, Glycopyrrolate does not

Glycopyrrolate has a *slower onset *and longer duration than Atropine

Tachyarrhythmias are seen *less frequently *with Glycopyrrolate

Glycopyrrolate is preferred in use in Rabbits

(because they metabolize Atropine very fast)

39
Q

A direct muscarinic antagonist

Known as a urinary antispasmodic

Used for urinary incontinence due to detrusor hyperreflexia (overactive bladder)

It will relax the detrusor muscle

Not often used in vet med

A

**Oxybutynin **and Propantheline

40
Q

A muscarinic antagonist

Topical ophthalmic used as a mydriatic to dilate pupils

Can cause cycloplegia

More rapid onset and shorter duration than ophthalmic atropine

Mostly used to facilitate ophthalmic retinal exams

A

Tropicamide

Should not use in glaucoma, will increase the IOP

Pharmacology 1 Practice Questions (6 decks)

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