Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Plant Pathology > Test 2 (study guide) > Flashcards

Test 2 (study guide) Flashcards

1
Q

4 main groups of plant pathogenic fungi.

A

Ascomycota
Basidiomycota
Chytridiomycota
Ztgomycota

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Three main groups of fungus-like organisms that cause plant disease.

A

Oomycota
Myxomycota
Plasmodiophoromyctoa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a sclerotium

A

The hard dark resting body of a certain fungi consisting of a mass of hyphal threads, capable of remaining dormant for long periods.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Ascomycetes:
Sexual-
Asexual-

A

Ascospores

Conidia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How do ascomycetes overwinter?

A

As sclerotia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Name two diseases caused by Ascomycetes.

A

Powerdy mildew
Sudden death syndrome of soybeans
Dollar spot of turf

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the normal chromosome content of basidiomycetes during most of their life cycle?

A

Dikarotic hyphe(two haploid nuclei)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are clamp connections and what group and the unique to?

A

Structure formed by growing hypal cells of certain fungi.

Basidiomycetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Basidiomycetes:
Sexual-
Asexual-

A

Basidiospores

Teliospores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Smut fungi is a ______

rust fungi is a _______

A

facilatie saprophyte

obligate parasite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are two diseases caused by Basidiomycetes?

A

Common smut of corn
stem rust of barley
cedar apple rust

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What type of spores are produced by the chytridiomycetes?

A

Zoospores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What type of mycelia are produced by the zygomycetes?

A

Nonseptate mycelia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Zygomycetes:
Sexual spores-
Asexual spores-

A

Zygospores

Sporangiospores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the name of the fruiting body in zygomycetes that produces the asexual spores?

A

Sporangia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are not in the fungi kingdom?

A

Oomycetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What type of hypae are produced by oomycetes?

A

nonseptate hyphae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the chromosome content for most of the oomycetes lifecycle?

A

Diploid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Oomycetes:
Sexual-
Asexual-

A

oospores

zoospores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

In oomycetes what fruiting body produces these spores?

A

sporangium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Name two plant diseases caused by oomycetes?

A

Pythium root rot

Phytophtora root rot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is plasmodium?

A

A mass of cytoplasm containing many nuclei but no cell wall.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what fungus groups produce plasmodium?

A

myxomycetes

Plasmodiophoromycetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What type of spores produce myxomycetes and plasmodiophoromycetes?

A

Zoospores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How can fungal disease be managed?

A

Avoidance- choose planting sites w/ no infection.
Exclusion- use pathogen free seed
Eradication- crop rotation
Protection- Apply fungicides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How do prokaryotic cells differ from eukaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotic are single celled microragnisms with no membrane bound oragnelles.
Eukaryotic are multicellular with membrane bound oragnelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what are the 3 shapes of bacterial cells with cell walls?

A

Round- coccal
Rod-shaped(bacilliform)
spiral-shaped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are mollicutes?

A

No cell walls, only cell membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what are Phytoplasms?

A

pleomorphic or variably shaped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Spiroplasmas

A

usually helicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are actinobacterium (actinomycetes) and why are they important?

A

bacteria that produce long branched filaments and live in the soil. They make antibiotics.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How do bacteria reproduce?

A

Binary fission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is fastidious bacteria?

A

Cultured only on complex, specialized media; phytoplasmas and spiroplasmas.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is gram-positive mean?

A

bacteria with thick cell walls that stain purple with gram stain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is gram-negative?

A

thin cell walls and do not retain purple dye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

how are bacteria disseminated?

A

Water, insects and animals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

How do bacteria enter plants? where do they live?

A

through stomata wounds and hydathode. Live on ouside of plant ,in spaces, or in cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How are bacteria identified?

A

size, shape,chemical composition, pathogenicity, enzymatic action.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Name 3 genera of bactera that cause plant disease?

A

Agrobacterium
Erwinia
Xyella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are two signs of bacteria in a plant?

A

Bacterial ooze

Bacterial streaming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what are types of symptoms caused by bacteria

A 
Leaf spots and blights
soft rots
water-soaking
wilts
galls
scabs and cankers
42
Q

What are types of bacterial diseases are there?

A 
soft rots
leaf spots
fire blight in apple
scorch
crown gall on apple
scab in potato
43
Q

How are bacterial diseases managed?

A

Exclusion- plant bacteria free seed
Eradication- crop rotation to non host plant
protection- apply copper based chemicals.

44
Q

What are the two parts of a virus particle?

A

Core of infectious nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat.

45
Q

What are the 2 main shapes of viruses?

A

Elongate- rods
Roughly spherical- iscohedral( more than 20 sides)
Cylindrical

46
Q

whats a viron?

A

individual virus particles, cannot be seen with light microscope.

47
Q

What is a capsid?

A

protein coat composed of repeating sub units.

48
Q

What types of nucleic acid are found in viruses?

A

ribonucleic acid(RNA) and Deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA)

49
Q

What does multipartite genomes mean?

A

genes are located on more than one peice

50
Q

define Multiparticulate?

A

more than one particle

51
Q

How do viruses get the materials needed for replication?

A

from the host cell

needs: amino acids, nucleotides, enzymes, cellular structure, and energy from host.

52
Q

What are symptoms of viruses?

A 
Dwarfing or stunting
mosiaic or mottles
ring spots
chlorosis
leaf rolling
flowerbreak
53
Q

How do viruses survive outside of hosts?

A

Some can survive on tools, in soils, or in plant debris

54
Q

How are viruses transmitted between plants? (4)

A

vectors,
mechanical transmission,
infected pollen,
infected seed

55
Q

What organisms are vectors of viruses?

A

insects-mites
nematodes
fungi and fungus like organisms

56
Q

What is meant by nonpersistent transmission?

A

virus can be acquired and transmited by an insect in seconds.

57
Q

persistent or circulative transmission-

A

insect must feed for minutes to hours to acquire virus

58
Q

persistent propagative transmission-

A

virus also replicates in the cells of the insect vector.

59
Q

How are viral diseases diagnosed?

A

purification and electron microscopy and serology

60
Q

What does ELISA stand for?

A

enzyme linked immunosorbent assy

61
Q

PCR

A

Polymerase chain reaction

62
Q

How are viruses named?

A

Generally based on primary symptoms and first host plant in which they are studied.

63
Q

How are virus diseases managed?

A

Avoidance- plant susceptible crop at different times
Exclusion- quarantine, inspection certification
Eradication- herbicides to destroy host weed.
Protection- insecticides or oils

64
Q

What is cross-protection?

A

infect plant with a mild strain of virus to prevent infection by more severe strain.

65
Q

What are viroids?

A

Small infectious, single-stranded , circular RNA’s

66
Q

How are viroids different from viruses?

A

No protein coat, encode no proteins.

67
Q

How are viroids transmitted?

A

By contaminated tools and equpit,
vegatative propagation,
seeds and pollen.

68
Q

What are nematodes?

A

nonsegmented roundworms. Animal kingdom

69
Q

What percentage of nematodes are plant parasites?

A

10%

70
Q

How many juvenile stages are there for nematodes?

A

4

71
Q

Do nematodes molt between stages?

A

yes

72
Q

Where does first molt occur for nematodes?
What stage emerges from egg?
What is often the only infective stage?

A

First molt occurs in the egg.
juvenile 1
The J2 stage.

73
Q

What does parthenogenetic mean?

A

Egg develops

74
Q

How big are nematodes?

how are they generally shaped?

A

300 to 1000um

eel-shaped round in cross section

75
Q

What is a stylet?

A

Used to puncture plant cells

76
Q

Define ectoparasite-

A

feed from outside the plant.

77
Q

Define endoparasite-

A

invades roots and feed within host tissue

78
Q

Define Sedentart-

A

remains on same

79
Q

Define Migratory-

A

Moves from place to place

80
Q

What are above ground symptoms of nematodes?

A

Stunting
Yellowing(chlorosis)
Wilting
Abnormal growth

81
Q

What are below ground symptoms of nematodes?

A

reduced/necrotic root system

Abnormal growth

82
Q

Root- knot nematodes

A

Meloidogyne spp. Sedentary endoparasites

83
Q

Cyst Nematodes

A

Heterodera spp, Globodera spp, Sedentary endoparasites

84
Q

Lesion nematodes

A

Pratylenchus spp, Migratory endoparasites

85
Q

What are giant cells?

A

induce permanent feeding sites called giant cells within galls( plant cell nucleus divides but cell division does not occur)

86
Q

What are syncytia?

A

formed by dissolution of cell walls.

87
Q

How are nematodes dispersed?

A

Short distances through soil by themselves
anything that moves soil
some by insects

88
Q

How do nematodes survive unfavorable conditions?

A

Eggs- stored energy
Juviniles- have fat reserves
Cryptobiosis- dormancy of nematodes

89
Q

Cryptobiosis-

A

Dormancy of nematodes

90
Q

Nema wool-

A

nematodes accumulate in masses

91
Q

What is a disease complex?

A

A disease caused by interaction of 2 or more species or types of pathogens.

92
Q

What is an elutraitor?

A

extracting nematodes from the soil

93
Q

How do you manage nematodes?

A

Avoidance- fert. and water plan.
Exclusion- quarantines
Eradication- Biological control- parasites or predators
Protection- Genetic resistance.

94
Q

Scientific name for Soybean cyst nematode?

A

Heterodera glycines

95
Q

What plants host SCN

A

soybeans, legumes, vegetables,weeds, and ornamentals

96
Q

Symptoms of SCN

A

Yellowing or browning
Stunting
reduced nodulation
affected plants in oval or irregular shaped patches in field.

97
Q

Shape are female nematodes?

A

Lemon shaped

98
Q

What is a cyst, why are some pale yellow while other are brownish.

A

Cyst is a female nematode, and they get darker with age.

99
Q

How many generations of SCN can there be in one growing season?

A

3-6

100
Q

How can SCN be managed?

A 
Resistant cultivars
Crop rotation
Other cultural practices 
Nematicides of fumigants
Biological control

Plant Pathology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions