Test 2

Question 1

4 main groups of disease causing fungi:

Answer 1

Ascomycota Basidiomycoda Chytridiomycota ZygoMycota

Question 2

Example of Ascomycetes:

Answer 2

yeasts, cause:apple scab, chestnut blight, and dutch elm disease, also various cankers, leaf spots, powdery mildews.

Question 3

Ascomycetes are? (4)

Answer 3

Obligate parasites, facultive parasites, and saphrophytes, obligate saphrophytes.

Question 4

______ have Haploid septate, and many produce sclerotia.

Answer 4

Ascomycetes.

Question 5

Sexual spores of ascomycetes:

Answer 5

ascospores

Question 6

Asexual Spores of Ascomycetes:

Answer 6

conidia

Question 7

Asexual stages usually serve as ______ innoculum, Ascospores usually are ______ innoculum,or overwintering stage.

Answer 7

secondary primary

Question 8

Wood decay pathogens, mushrooms,puffballs, conks, smut fungi and rust fungi.

Answer 8

Basidiomycota and Basidiomycetes

Question 9

Basidomyctoa: Smut fungi are _______

Answer 9

facultative saprophytes

Question 10

Basidomyctoa: Rust fungi are _______

Answer 10

obligate parasites.

Question 11

Basidomycota have ________ Hyphae and ___ ____ that form at some septa of their hyphae. Unique to this group.

Answer 11

dikaryotic, clamp connections.

Question 12

basidospores

Answer 12

sexual spores-two hapliod nuclei fuse(Karyogamy) in basidum. then undergo meiosis to form 4 haploid nuclei. Haploid, Infect alternate host to form pycnia.(fruiting structure)

Question 13

smut fungi produce sexual spores called

Answer 13

sporidia

Question 14

Chlymadiospores-

Answer 14

think or doublewalled asexual resting spore developed by modification of a hyphal cell or transformation of conidial cells. can be overwintering stage.

Question 15

Teliospores-

Answer 15

Dikaryotic spores, become diploid, germinate to form basidia and basidiospores or sporidia

Question 16

Rust Fungi- and infection symptoms.

Answer 16

most destructive of plant diseases, attack mainly leaves and stems. appear orange,red,and white(rust colors)

Question 17

Autoecious-

Answer 17

requires a single host to complete their life cycle.

Question 18

Heteroecious-

Answer 18

required two unrelated plant species to complete its life cycle.

Question 19

Pycniospores also called_______ are _______ and combine with________ to end up forming a dikaryotic mycelium.

Answer 19

spermatia asexual receptive hyphae

Question 20

Aeciospores-

Answer 20

Dikaryotic ,asexual infects primary host. gives rise to uredinospores or teliospores. Cupshaped.

Question 21

Urediniospores-

Answer 21

Dikaryotic, asexual. Repeating cycle of rust fungi.

Question 22

How to manage fungual diseases:

Answer 22

1. Correctly identify pathogen. 2.Know the disease cycle. 3.Integrated management approaches are most successful. 4.Can use avoidance,exclusion, eradication and/or protection.

Question 23

Avoidance-

Answer 23

choose planting sites or times to avoid environmental conditions favoring disease.

Question 24

Exclusion-

Answer 24

international or local quarantines or pathogen free seed.

Question 25

Eradication-

Answer 25

Crop rotation, remove infected hosts, remove weed hosts, prune and remove infected parts of woody plants, disinfect tools.

Question 26

Protection-

Answer 26

Fungicides,minimize leaf wetness, plant resistant cultivars, cultural practices.

Question 27

Coccal -shape

Answer 27

round

Question 28

Rod shaped-

Answer 28

bacilliform

Question 29

Mollicutes-

Answer 29

no cell walls, only cell membranes

Question 30

Phytoplasmas

Answer 30

pleomorphic or variably shaped

Question 31

Spiroplasms

Answer 31

helical

Question 32

Bacteria that produce long branched filiments, live in soil and produce antibiotics.

Answer 32

Actinobacterium orActinomycetes

Question 33

cytoplasm

Answer 33

mixture of organic compounds,minerals, and water.

Question 34

Extracellular Polysaccharide(EPS)

Answer 34

Secreted by many bacteria, attached to the exterior surface of cells as slime layer(capsule). promotes disease process.

Question 35

Flagella-

Answer 35

external structures that rotate and move cells short distances.

Question 36

polar- Peritrichous-

Answer 36

located at the ends of cells. all over the cell

Question 37

Nuclear material-

Answer 37

one large circular 'chromosome' composed of DNA.

Question 38

Plasmids-

Answer 38

additional, smaller circular genetic material.

Question 39

Bacteria reproduce by? and explain it.

Answer 39

Fisson, cell splits in exactly 2 parts. DNA and plasmids also duplicate. may divide every 20-50 mins, and 1 can be 1million in a day.

Question 40

Fastidious-

Answer 40

cultured only on complex, specialized media.

Question 41

Gram positive-

Answer 41

thick cell walls, stain purple with gram stain procedure.

Question 42

Gram negative-

Answer 42

thin cell wall, purple stain does not maintain. stained pink, most plant pathogenic bacteria.

Question 43

Bacteria survival in soil:

Answer 43

only on plant material Saprophytically in their natural bacterial ooze.

Question 44

Bacteria survival in plants:

Answer 44

as parasites, epiphytically(on surface), on wounds or in buds, in plant exudate.

Question 45

How do bacteria move? and how do they enter plants?

Answer 45

water,insects, animals. need water to infect. through natural openings or wounds.

Question 46

Bacteria in plants

Answer 46

live and multiply in intercellualr spaces,stems, leaves,flowers and galls, degrade plant cells, colonize dead cells

Question 47

Agrobacterium

Answer 47

Rhizosphere and soil inhabitants aerobs. motile, abundant EPS Gram-negative.

Question 48

Erwinia

Answer 48

causes necrosis or wilt disease, soft rots.

Question 49

Pseudomonas

Answer 49

polar flagella, aerobes, gram negative. leaf spots, blights, wilts.

Question 50

Xanthomonas

Answer 50

Motile, one polar flagella, yellow colonies.

Question 51

Clavibacter

Answer 51

non-motile,aerobes. irregularly shaped rods.

Question 52

Streptomycets

Answer 52

produced branched,non-septate hyphae and spores (conidia) produced antibiotics, gram-positive

Question 53

Xylella

Answer 53

Nonmotile; fastidious bacteria. Live in plant xylem.

Question 54

Bacterial ooze-

Answer 54

sticky liquid composed of EPS and bacterial cells

Question 55

Symptoms of Bacteria

Answer 55

Leaf spots and blights, sort rots of fruits, roots and storage organs water soaking wilts galls scabs and cankers

Question 56

Soft rots-

Answer 56

involve parenchyma tissue of various plant organs.results in slimy decay

Question 57

Leaf Spots-

Answer 57

involve leaf and stem parenchyma cells

Question 58

Blight-

Answer 58

sever sudden and extensive spotting,discoloration, wilting, or destruction of plants or plant parts.

Question 59

Scorch-

Answer 59

Necrosis on leaf edge; looks like fire.

Question 60

Galls-

Answer 60

hyperplasia and hypertrophy

Question 61

Cankers-

Answer 61

Tissue becomes sunken following necrosis.

Question 62

Witches broom-

Answer 62

phloem colonizing bacteria

Question 63

Scabs

Answer 63

scabby lesions

Question 64

How to manage bacteria:

Answer 64

Exclusion ,eradication, and protection.

Question 65

Answer 65

Apothecium Sexual Ascospore

Question 66

Answer 66

Chasmothecium Sexual Ascospore

Question 67

Answer 67

Pycnidium Asexual Conidia

Question 68

Answer 68

Acervulus asexual Conidia

Question 69

Answer 69

Pycnidum asexual Conidia

Question 70

Answer 70

Telium asexual Basidiomycetes

Question 71

Answer 71

Aecium Asexual Basidiomycetes

Question 72

Answer 72

Uredium Asexual Basidiomycetes

Question 73

Answer 73

Zygospore Sexual Zygomycetes

Question 74

Answer 74

Sporangia Asexual Zygomycetes