Final Flashcards by Chris Warrick

Coenocytic-

another name for a nonseptate hyphae.

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Incubation period-

Time period from infection to appearance of symptoms

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Necrotroph-

an organism that can live on living or dead hosts

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Mycelium-

a tangled mass of hyphae

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Latent period-

time from infection to production of secondary inoculum

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Teleomorph-

term for the sexual or perfect stage of a fungus

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Dikaryotic-

having two haploid cells

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Inoculation-

transfer of inoculum onto the host plant

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Necrosis-

death of plant tissue

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anamorph-

term for the asexual or imperfect stage of a fungus

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infection court-

initial site of contact between pathogen and surface of host plant

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Hypotrophy-

reduction in cell size

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Infection-

establishment of a pathogen within host; pathogen begins using nutrients from host.

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Hyperplasia-

increase in cell number

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Biotroph-

an organism that can grow and reproduce only on living hosts(obligate parasite)

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List 3 ways that inoculum can be dispersed:

wind ,water, vectors

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Symptom-

a physical responce of a plant to disease.

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Sign-

when the physical pathogen is visible on its host

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Infectious disease-

a disease that can be transmited to a healthy plant

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Plant pathology-

the study of plant disease

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Pathogen-

Biotic or abiotic factor that harms a plant or organism.

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Biotroph-

an organism that can grow and reproduce only on living hosts(obligate parasite)
does not kill cells in advance, gets nutrients from living cells, are well adapted to one or a few related species. can invade plants at any stage.

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3 factors of the disease triangle and a method of control for each-

Pathogen- chemical or cultural practices
Host- use resistant cultivars
Environment-Plant in areas where diseases are not located.

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4 steps of Kochs Postulates for proof of pathogenicity-

Pathogen must be consistent.
Must be isolated and noted
Must be able to infect a healthy plant w/ pathogen
Must be able to isolate pathogen from infected plant.

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Name 3 environmental factors that affect disease-

Temperature- some pathogens need warmer temps. Water-some pathogens do well in humid or wet Soil pH- some pathogens cannot survive in acidic soils.

5 MAJOR groups of plant pathogens

1. Fungus 2. Bacteria 3. Viruses 4. Nematodes 5. Parasitic plants

Plasmogamy-

fusion of cells, which brings two sexually compatible nuclei into one cell. No fusion of nuclei

A diseased caused by environmental factors-

Abiotic

An organism that is usually parasitic but can become saprophytic-

Facultative Saprophyte

What is the term for a dense compacted aggregate of mycelium that is very resistant to unfavorable conditions-

Sclerotium

Indirect penetration-

when a pathogen enters through natural openings

Vector-

an organism capable of transmitting a pathogen

Fungi that form a symbiotic relationship by helping roots absorb nutrients:

mycorrhizae

Corn smut is an example of?

replacement of host tissue

Eradication-

removal of pathogens from infested soil and tools or from infected seeds or propagative parts.

What is the normal chromosome content of the vegetative phase of most fungi?

haploid

Rod shaped bacteria

Bacilliform

Meloidogyne spp.

Root knot nematodes

Basidiomycete fungi that are facultative saprophytes

Smuts

Plasmodium

a mass of cytoplasm containing many nucei but no cell wall

Virion

Individual virus particle

Bacteria that are round or spherical shaped-

coccal

Syncytium-

A nematode feeding site within a plant formed by the dissolution of cell walls.

heterodera spp.

Cyst nematodes

Caspid

protein coat that surrounds a virus particle, made up of protein.

Rusts-

Basidomycete fungi that are obligate parasites.

Giant cell-

a nematode feeding site within a plant created where the plant cell nucleus divides but cell division does not occur.

Name 3 genera of bacteria that cause plant diease

Erwinna Xyella Clavibacter

Most plant pathogenic bacteria are_____

gram-negative

Cryptobiosis-

how some nematodes go into dormancy

Basidiomycete fungi are_____ most of their life cycle?

hapliod

What is the difference between nonpersistent transmisson and persistent transmission?

Nonpersistant can be transmitted in seconds where in persistent the virus can take longer as well as multiply and infect its host insect.

How are prokaryotic cells different from eukaryotic cells?

Prokaryotic cells are single celled organisms w/o membrane bound organelles. Eukaryotic cells are multicellular and have membrane bound organelles.

2 diseases caused by Ascomycetes:

Sudden death syndrome in soybeans | Dollar spot in turf

2 diseases caused by Oomycetes:

Pythium root rot | Phytophtora root rot

3 ways bacteria are dispersed?

Water animals and insects

what are 2 signs of bacteria in plants?

Bacterial ooze, | bacterial steaming

4 categories of disease management in fungi?

Avoidance- dont plant in affected area Exclusion-quarantine Eradication-crop rotation Protection-Fungicide

What type of fungi have clamp connections?

Basidiomycetes

What group is not apart of the fungi kingdom?

Oomycetes

How do viroids differ from viruses?

viruses have protein coats and viroids dont

What causes a mosaic symptoms

Virus

Migratory endoparasite-

a nematode that moves withing a plant while feeding on the plant

Bacteria that can only be cultured on complex specialized media:

Fastidious

A virus particle that has 20 sides and appears to be spherical:

Icosahedral

Phytoplasmas-

bacteria without cell walls that are pleomorphic, or variably shaped.

Galls at the base of the stem are caused by

Bacteria

what % of nematodes are plant parasites

10%

What is ELISA used for?

To identify viruses

galls on roots are caused by?

nematodes

Zoospores-

motile spores with flagella that are produced by some fungal and fungus like groups.

Is a virus alive?

No they require a host cell to reproduce. They cannot reproduce without a host and the energy of the host.

What is the genus name for the sunn hemp mosaic virus?

Tobamovirus

color difference between common rust and southern rust?

common-red | southern-orange to light brown

one effect of anthracnose stalk rot in corn?

Lodging

What phylum(fungus group)do smut fungus belong to?

Basidomycotta

SDS was first discovered in?

arkansas

Dollar spot grows activly while temperatures exceed 90F(t/F)

false

What stage of root knot nematode is motile?

J2 stage

What is the only sign of soybean cyst nematode?

the nematodes are visible in the roots.

What are two hosts in which the stewarts wilt pathogen can survive?

corn and corn flea beetle