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Patho Pharm > Test 2 Study Guide > Flashcards

Test 2 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

How do our bodies identify immune cells?

A

identified by a specific protein on its cell surface called the
Cluster of Differentiation/CD marker

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2
Q

What is the antigen receptor of the B Cell called?

A

B Cell Receptor (BCR)

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3
Q

A fully differentiated B cell is called a ______

A

plasma cell

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4
Q

The presence of C19 or C20 indicate the Prescence of

A

B Cells

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5
Q

The presence of C3+ indicate the Prescence of

A

T cells

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6
Q

The presence of CD56+ indicate the Prescence of

A

Natural Killer Cells (part of innate immunity)

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7
Q

What is the name of the Natural Killer Cell’s receptor?

A

Killer Inhibitory Receptor

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8
Q

The presence of CD11c+ indicate the Prescence of

A

Dendritic cells

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9
Q

Another word for WBCs is

A

Granulocytes

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10
Q

What WBCs can be identified by the presence of CD66b+

A

◦ Neutrophils
◦ Eosinophils
◦ Basophils
◦ Mast Cells

Neutrophils play a major role in fighting off bacterial infections; eosinophils play a major role in fighting off parasites; and basophils and mast cells play a major role in allergic reactions.

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11
Q

The Prescence of purulence in a wound indicates the presence of which WBC

A

Neutrophils

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12
Q

Describe the process of phagocytosis in a neutrophil

A

Bacterium surface antigens connect to neutrophil membrane receptor and neutrophil engulfs bacterium. Bacterium becomes surrounded by a phagosome. Granules (azurophilic, specific) increase PH inside phagosome. A lysosome attaches to the phagosome, becoming a phagolysosome. The phagolysosome digests the contents of the phagosome. The neutrophil dies and is phagocytized by a macrophage.

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13
Q

Which WBC deals with parasites?

A

Eosinophils

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14
Q

What do basophils do

A

promote allergic responses

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15
Q

What does the presence of CD14+ indicate?

A

Presence of monocytes (baby macrophages) or macrophages

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16
Q

Neutrophils make up what percentage of WBC

A

50-62%

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17
Q

Lymphocytes make up what percentage of WBC

A

25%–40%

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18
Q

monocytes (baby macrophages) make up what percentage of WBC

A

3%–7%

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19
Q

Eosinophils make up what percentage of WBC

A

0%–3%

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20
Q

Basophils make up what percentage of WBC

A

0%–1%

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21
Q

How long does it take for the adaptive immune system to become effective?

A

About 4 days

22
Q

How do our immune cells know how to differentiate between self and pathogens?

A

PAMPs (Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns) Ex: flagella, single stranded DNA/double stranded RNA, Chemicals in the walls of fungi

23
Q

What are the seven aspects of innate immunity

A

physical/mechanical/chemical barriers

Phagocytosis

Inflammation

acute phase response

fever (pyrexia)

NK cells/antiviral immunity

plasma protein systems

24
Q

IGG

A

MOST ABUNDANT ACCOUNTS FOR MOST OF PROTECTIVE IMMUNITY

25
Q

IGM

A

LARGEST, FIRST ANTIGEN PRODUCED AT INITIAL RESPONSE

26
Q

IGD

A

IgD is a B cell antigen receptor that may participate in B cell maturation, maintenance, activation, and silencing

27
Q

IGE

A

USUAALY IN LOW CONCENTRATIONS AND HAS SPECIALIZED FUNCTION IN ALLERGIC REACTIONS

28
Q

IGA

A

PROTECTS MUCOSAL SURFACES

29
Q

MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX

A

MHC ENCODES PROTIENS FOR CELL SURFACES SO THAT IMMUNE CELLS CAN RECOGNIZE SELF VS NONSELF

Glycoproteins on the surface of all human cells (except
RBCs)

MAKES HISTOCOMPATIBILTY (COEXISTING TISSUES) POSSIBLE

30
Q

How bacteria evade our immune system/develop antibiotic
resistance

A

 Coating to evade phagocytes
 Degrade complement and IgA
 Toxins
 Molecular mimicry
 Antibiotic resistance
 Biofilm
 Change antigens
 Antigenic Drift
 More gradual mutations of surface antigens
 Antigenic Shift
 Major shifts in genetic recombination, usually in species jumping

31
Q

Causes of infection

A
  • Virus
  • Bacteria
  • Fungi
  • Protozoa
  • Helminths
32
Q

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BACTERIOCIDAL AND BACTERIOSTATIC

A

 Bactericidal = kill
 Bacteriostatic = suppress

33
Q

how antibiotics work

A

ANITBIOTICS DISRUPT:

 Bacterial cell wall (structure/protoplasm)
 Bacterial protein synthesis (ribosomes)
 Bacterial DNA/RNA (nucleic acid/enzymes)
 Bacterial enzymes (folic acid synthesis)

34
Q

2 EXAMPLES OF BACTERIOSTATIC MEDS (INHIBITS PROTEIN SYNTHESIS)

A

TETRACYCLINES ( Therapeutic Uses: Acne, periodontal disease), MACROLIDES ( Therapeutic Uses
 Substitute in PCN allergy)

35
Q

EXAMPLES OF BACTERICIDAL MEDS (INHIBITS PROTEIN SYNTHESIS)

A

Aminoglycosides
 Therapeutic Uses
 Narrow spectrum; Serious infections; aerobic gram (-)
bacilli

36
Q

WHAT ANTIBIOTIC DISRUPTS THE BACTERIAL CELL WALL

A

Penicillins
 Therapeutic Uses
 Primarily Gram (+); broad and
narrow spectrum
 Contraindications
 Caution with Renal dysfunction
  PCN blood levels
 Severe PCN allergy

Cephalosporins
(Ceph)
 Therapeutic Uses
 Primarily Gram (+), multiple
generations
 Contraindications
 Severe PCN allergy
 Adverse effects
 Bleeding
 Monitor; use caution with pts
on anticoagulants
 Thrombophlebitis

37
Q

WHAT ANTIBIOTIC DISRUPTS THE BACTERIAL METABOLITES

A

Sulfanomides &
Trimethoprim - Bacteriostatic
 Therapeutic Uses
 Urinary tract infection
 Combination TMP/SMZ more powerfuL

38
Q

WHAT ANTIBIOTIC DISRUPTS THE BACTERIAL DNA/RNA SYNTHESIS

A

Fluoroquinolones (Cipro)
 Therapeutic Uses
 Broad-spectrum; wide varietY

39
Q

Four Classes of Antifungal Drugs

A
  1. Polyene antibiotics
  2. Azoles
  3. Echinocandins
  4. Pyrimidine analogs
40
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

A
41
Q

What triggers a stress response and signs and symptoms

A
  • Stressor triggers the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal
    (HPA) axis
  • Activates sympathetic nervous system
  • Arousal of body defenses
42
Q

How the Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) responds to stress

A

tHE BRAIN RELEASE acth AND NERVE SIGNALS TO THE ADRENAL GLAND (CORTEX SECRETES GLUCOCORTICOIDS/CORTISOL)(MEDULLA SECRETES ADRENALINE/EPINEPHRINE)

CORTISOL MAKES THE LIVER RELEASE MORE GLUCOSE

ADRENALINE INCREASES HR, BREATHING RATE, BG

43
Q

α-adrenergic receptors

A

ALPHA 1 RECEPTORS: AFFECTS SMOOTH MUSCLE ALPHA CONTRACTION (AC) STIMULATE

APLHA 2 RECEPTORS: ON NERVE TERMINALS AND DECREASE NORENIPHRINE RELEASE
INHIBIT

44
Q

β-adrenergic receptors

A

β1: HEART & JUXTAGLOMERULAR STIMULATE

β2: AFFECTS SMOOTH MUSCLE ALPHA relaxation (AC) INHIBIT

45
Q

difference between primary and secondary immunodeficiency

A
  • Primary (congenital) immunodeficiency
    – Genetic anomaly

MAJOR CONCEPTS
1. Main symptom is recurring infections.
2. Types of infections indicate immune defect.
3. Family history is important for diagnosis

  • Secondary (acquired) immunodeficiency
    – Caused by another illness
    – More common
  • Far more common than primary deficiencies
46
Q

whats meds make it so hiv cant spread

A

entry/fusion inhibitors

also reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease (enzyme used to enter t cells) inhibitors, and integrase (enzyme that integrates HIV genetic info with t cell’s) inhibitors

HAR is combo of therapies listed above

47
Q

stages of hiv

A

Acute stage: This is the period immediately following exposure, at which time the immune system activates to fight the invaders. Serologically negative

Chronic stage: This is a prolonged period of years and even decades during which the virus gradually depletes CD4 T-cells, often with few notable symptoms. serologically positive but asymptomatic

AIDS: This is the most advanced stage of HIV. Means you have at least two comorbidities that are killing you from having no immune system

48
Q

What is the window period for the HIV test

A

What is the window period for the HIV test I took? Antibody tests can usually detect HIV 23 to 90 days after exposure. Most rapid tests and self-tests are antibody tests. A rapid antigen/antibody test done with blood from a finger stick can usually detect HIV 18 to 90 days after exposure

49
Q

What does the level of Th cells have to be to be diagnosed with AIDs

A

<200 cells/mm3

50
Q

What the overall treatment goal and what the goal CD4 T-cell counts are (the
number in cells/mm3) for effective treatment

A

For HIV infection the goal is to have >500 cells/mm^3, with effective ART (healthy
individuals have 800-1200 cells/mm^3)

51
Q

organ specific autoimmune diseases

A

type 1 diabetes mellitus

goodpastures syndrome

multiple sclerosis

graves disease

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

autoimmunehymolytic anemia

autoimmune addisons disease

vitiligo

myasthenia gravis

52
Q

systemic autoimmune diseases

A

rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, lupus, Sjogren’s, polymyositis

Patho Pharm (15 decks)

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