Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Patho Pharm > Lecture 5 > Flashcards

Lecture 5 Flashcards

1
Q

DEFINE INNATE IMMUNTIY

A

DEFENSE MECHANISMS THAT ARE PRESENT AT BIRTH AND PROVIDE INITIAL RESPOSE TO INVASION/INJURY

INCLUDES NATURAL BARRIERS AND INFLAMMATION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

DEFINE ADAPTIVE/ACQUIRED IMMUNITY

A

REFERS TO IMMUNITY THAT DEVELOPS OVER THE LIFETIME OF THE INDV AND PROVIDES LONG TERM PROTECTION AGAINST SPECIFIC INVADERS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

WHAT FORMS THE FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE AT THE BODY’S SURFACES?

A

INNATE BARRIERS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

WHAT IS THE SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE IF THE SURFACE BARRIER IS BREACHED?

A

INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

WHAT IS THE THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE AFTER INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE?

A

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY (ACQUIRED/SPECIFIC IMMUNITY) IS INDUCE THRUOGH A SLOWER/MORE SPECIFIC PROCESS AND TARGETS IND INVADERS/DISEASED TISSUES IN ORDER TO ERADICATE THEM.

MEMORY HELPS FORM A FASTER RESPONSE IF EXPOSED TO PATHOGEN AGAIN IN THE FUTURE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

T/F: INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE INVOLVES “MEMORY”

A

F: ONLY ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

T/F: INNATE BARRIERS ARE STRICTLY PHYSICAL (SKIN)

A

F: CAN BE PHYSICAL, MECHANICAL, AND BIOCHEMCIAL / ALSO INCLUDES A HOST’S NORMAL MICROBIOME

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

EXAMPLES OF PHYSICAL BARRIERS W/ IN INNATE IMMUNITY

A

TIGHTLY ASSOCIATED EPITHELIAL CELLS (SKIN, LINING OF GI, URINARY, AND RESPRITORY TRACT)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

EXAMPLES OF MECHANICAL BARRIERS W/ IN INNATE IMMUNITY

A

MICROORGANISMS GET SLOUGHED OFF WITH DEAD SKIN CELLS. EPITHELIAL CELLS OF THE RESP TRACT TRAP MICROORGANISMS IN MUCOUS, MOVE IT W/ CILIA TO THE UR TRACT, AND EXPELL IT WITH A SNEEZE OR COUGH. CAN BE POOED OR URINATED OUT. LOW SKIN TEMO AND LOW PH IN STOMACH KILL PATHOGENS.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

EXAMPLES OF CELL-DERIVED CHEMICALS SECRETED BY THE INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM.

A

PERSPIRATION, TEARS, AND SALIVA THE ENZYME LYSOZYME WHICH ATTACKS THE CEL WALLS OF GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIA

SEBACCOUS GLANDS SECRETE FATTY ACIDS AND LACTIC ACID THAT KILLS BACTERIA AND FUNGI. ALSO MAKES SKIN PH 3-5 WHICH MAKES INHOSPITABLE FOR MOST BACTERIA.

EPITHELIAL CELLS SECRETE ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDES THAT KILL/INHIBIT GROWTH OF DISEASE-CAUSING BACTERIA, FUNGI, AND VIRUSES. DEFENSINS (ALSO CREATED BY NEUTROPHILS)DO THE SAME.

COLLECTINS (SOLUABLE GLYCOPROTIENS) FACILITATE THE RECOGNITION OF PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS SO THAT MACROPHAGES CAN KILL THEM. ALSO ACTIVATES THE LECTIN PATHWAY OF THE COMPLEMENT SYSTEM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

T/F SURFACTANT IS A TYPE OF COLLECTIN

A

TRUE

COLLECTINS (SOLUABLE GLYCOPROTIENS) FACILITATE THE RECOGNITION OF PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS SO THAT MACROPHAGES CAN KILL THEM. ALSO ACTIVATES THE LECTIN PATHWAY OF THE COMPLEMENT SYSTEM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

DEFINE COMMENSAL

A

BEFITTING THE MICROORGANISM WITHOU AFFECTING THE RBODY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

HOW DOES OUR NORMAL MICROBIOME HELP US?

A
  1. MAKES ENZYMES SO WE CAN DIGEST FATTY ACIDS AND LARGE POLYSACHARRIDES
  2. SYNTHESIZES ESSENTIAL METABOLITIES
  3. RELEASES ANTIBACTERIAL SUBSTANCES TOXIC TO PATHOGENIC ORGANISMS
  4. COMPETES W/ PATHOGENS FOR NUTRIENTS AND BLOCKS PATHOGEN ATTACHMENT TO EPITHELIUM
  5. HELPS GROE GUT LYMPHOID TISSUE WHICH HELPS BUILD ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
  6. CONTRIBUTES TO BRAIN FUNCTION
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

WHATS AN OPPORTUNISTIC PATHOGEN

A

PATHOGEN USUALLY HARMLESS BUT BECOME PATHOGENIC IF HOST IS IMMUNOCOMPROMISED

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

DESCRIBE BARRIER (THE FIRST PART OF INNATE IMMUNITY)

A

FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE
CONSTANTLY DEFENDING
BROADLY SPECIFIC
MADE UP OF EPITHELIAL CELLS
NO MEMORY INVOLVED
INCLUDES DEFENSINS, COLLECTINS, LACTOFERRIN, AND BACTERIAL TOXINS
INCLUDES STOMACH ACID, CILIA, SKIN, MUCUS MEMBRANES, LYSOZYMES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

DEFINE INFLAMMATION

A

THE PROTECTIVE RESPONSE THAT SUPPORTS RECOVERY FROM INJURY AND DISEASE

HAPPENS RAPIDLY REGARDLESS OF LOCATION OR CONDITION OD THE TISSUE

STARTS WHEN DAMAGE OCCURS AND INFLAMMATOY MEDIATORS ARE RELASED, CAUSING CHANGE TO MICROCIRCULATION. MIGRATION OF LEUKYTYTES, PLASMA PROTIENS

CHARACTERIZED BY REDNESS, HEAT, SWELLING, PAIN, AND LOSS OF FUNCTION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

THE 4 TRAITS OF THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE

A

IN VASCULAIZED TISSUES

ACTIVATION RAPID

INCLUDES CELLULAR AND CHECMIAL COMPONENTS

RESPONSE IS NONSPECIFIC (TAKES PLACE THE SAME WAY NOT MATTER IF IT HAPPENED IN THE PAST OR WHERE IT IS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

THE 4 STEPS OF THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE

A

HOMEOSTASIS (COAGULATION)

VASODILATION

INCREASED VASCULAR PERMEABILTY

WHITE BLOOD CELL ADHESION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

WHAT ARE THE TWO PHAGOCYTES

A

NEUTOPHILS AND MACROPHAGES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

EXAMPLES OF BIOHEMICAL MEDIATORS IN INFLAMMATION

A

WBC (NEUTROPHILS), PLASMA PROTIENS

ACTIVATE PAIN FIBERS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

PROTECTIVE FUNCTIONS OF INFLAMMATION

A

PREVNTS FURTHER INFECTION BY DILUTING TOXINS, KILLS PATHOGENS, AND REMOVES DEBRIS

LIMITS THE INFLAMMATION TO AFFECTED TISSUE

PREPARES THE AFFECTED AREA FOR HEALING

FACILITATES ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

WHAT ARE THE THREE PLASMA PROTIEN SYSTEMS

A

COMPLEMENT, CLOTTING, AND KININ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

DESCRIBE THE CLOTTING CASCADE

A

EACH SYSTEM CONSISTS OF DIFFERENT PROTEINS/ENZYMES THAT ARE USUALLY INACTIVE IN BLOOD.

BECOME ACTIVATED EARLY IN INFLAMMATION BY ENZYMES, FLOAT AROUND THE BODY UNTIL IT FIND TISSUE DAMAGE AND INITIATES SEQUENTIAL ACTIVATION OF OTHER COMPONTS OF THE SYSTEM. LEADS TO PROTECTIVE BIOLOGIC FUNCTION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

DEFINE THE COMPLEMENT SYSTEM

A

INTENSIFIES THE CAPCITY OF ANTIBODIES/PHAGOCYTES TO CLEAR BAD STUFF AND ACTIVATE INFLAMMATION

CONSISTS OF LARGE NUMBER OF PROTIENS THAT MAKE UP ABOUT 10% OF TOTAL CICULATING SERUM PLASMA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

THE ACTIVATION OF C3 AND C5 RESULTS IN THE CREATION OF WHAT 3 MOLECULES CRITICAL TO IMMUNE RESPONSE

A

C3b: Coats surface of bacteria (opsonin’s), increasing their susceptibility to phagocytosis OPSONIZATION

C5a: (chemotactic factor) diffuses from one site of inflammation and, like a magnet, attracting leukocytes to site ANAPHYLACTIC ACTIVITY FROM MAST CELL DEGRANULATION, LEUKOCYTE CHEMOTAXIS

C3a: (anaphylatoxins) induce rapid degranulation of mast cells to release histamine (induces vasodilation and increased capillary permeability) CELL LYSIS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Define opsonin’s

A

C3b: Coats surface of bacteria (opsonin’s), increasing their susceptibility to phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Define chemotactic factor

A

C5a: (chemotactic factor) diffuses from one site of inflammation and, like a magnet, attracting leukocytes to site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Describe MAC

A

Membrane Attack Complex

MAC leads to bacterial destruction and tissue injury by creating pores in the outer membranes of cells/bacteria. Water floods in and causes cellular death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the three major cascades that control the activation of complement?

A

classical pathway, alternative pathway, and lectin pathway

30
Q

Describe the classical pathway (one of the cascades)

A

activated by antibodies. Antibodies bind to their targets (antigens, proteins/carbs produced by infectious microorganisms). These antibodies activate C1, which in turn activates the other components C3 and C5, triggering inflammation.

31
Q

Describe the alternative pathway (one of the cascades)

A

activated directly by substances found on the surfaces of infectious organisms. Include endotoxins (lipopolysaccharides) found on bacterial membranes and carbs (zymosan) found on yeast cell walls. This pathway uses proteins (factor b, factor d) to communicate to C3 and C5, triggering inflammation.

Is used in absence of antibodies

32
Q

Describe the lectin pathway (one of the cascades)

A

activated by several plasma proteins (mannose-binding lectin/MBL). The proteins bind to bacterial polysaccharides that contain the carb mannose and activates the complement cascade.

Infectious agents that do not activate the alternate pathway and do not have antibodies may be destroyed through the lectin pathway.

33
Q

DEFINE BLOOD CLOT

A

MESHWORK OF FIBRIN AND PLATELETES

34
Q

WHAT ARE THE 2 CONVERGING PATHWAYS THAT LEAD TO CLOT FORMATION

A

EXTRINISC PATHWAY: TISSUE FACTOR = TISSUE THROMBOPLASTIN RELEASED BY DAMAGED ENDOTHELIAL CELLS REACTS WITH ACTIVATED FACTOR 5

INTRINSIC PATHWAY: CONTACT ACTIVATION = ACTIVATED WHEN VESSEL WALL DAMAGE CAUSES NEGATIVELY CHARGED SUBENDOTHERLIAL SUBSTANCES TO COME INTO CONTACT W/ FACTOR 12 IS PLASMA

BOTH PATHWAYS CONVERGE AT FACTOR X, LEADING TO ACTIVATION OF FIBRIN

ACTIVATION OF CLOTTING SYSTEM CAUSES FIBRINOPEPTIDES (PROTIEN FRAGMENTS) TO ATTRACT NEUTROPHILS (CHEMOTAXIS) AND INCREASE VASCULAR PERMEABILTY

35
Q

WHAT PART OF KININ SYSTEM (HELPS CLOTTING SYSTEM) CAUSES DILATION OF BLOOD VESSELS?

A

BRADYKININ. ALSO CAUSES PROSTGLADIN TO INDUCE PAIN, CONTRACT MUSCLES, AND INCREASES VASCULAR PERMEABILITY.

36
Q

WHAT ENZYME INHIBITS THE COMPLEMENT SYSTEM

A

PROTEASE INHIBITORS (C1 INHIBITOR)

37
Q

leukocytes ARE DIVIDED INTO ___________

A

GRANULOCYTES (CONTAINING MANY ENZYME FILLED CYTOPLASMIC GRANULES)

38
Q

THREE TYPES OF GRANULOCYTES

A

BASOPHIUL, NEOTROPHILS, EOSINOPHILS

39
Q

EXMAPLE OF A LYMPHOCYTE

A

NATURAL KILLER CELL

40
Q

WHAT IS A PRR

A

PATTERN RECOGNITION RECEPTOR LOCATED ON CELLS IN TISSUES NEAR TH EBODY’S SURFACES (SKIN, GI, RESPRITRY TRACT)

RECOGNIZES TWO PATTERNS: PAMPS AND DAMPS

41
Q

PATTERN RECOGNITION RECEPTOR RECOGNIZES WHAT TWO PATTERNS

A

PATHOGEN ASSOCIATED MOLECULAR PATTERNS: PAMPS

DAMAGE ASSOCIATED MOLECULAR PATTERNS: DAMPS

42
Q

WHAT PRR CAN RECOGNIZE THE FOLLOWING CHARACTERISTICS: (FLAGELLA, BACTERIAL LIPOPOLYASACHARIDE, VIRAL COAT PROTIENS, BACTERIAL/VIRAL NUCLEIC ACID)

A

TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS (TLRs)

43
Q

WHAT PRR CAN RECOGNIZE fungal infections b/c they’re on the outside of phagocytic cells

A

C-type lectin receptors (CLRs)

44
Q

WHAT PRR IS FOUND IN LYMPHOCYTES, MACROPHAGS, AND DENDRITIC CELLS

A

NUCLEOTIDE BINDING-LIKE RECEPTORS (NLRs)

45
Q

WHAT PRR IS FOUND on macrophages

A

scavenger receptors

46
Q

WHAT PRR IS FOUND on immune cells, platelets, epithelial cells, smooth muscle

A

complement receptors

47
Q

define cytokines

A

large family of small soluble intercellular molecules that are secreted by a variety of cells and bind to specific cell membrane receptors, where they regulate innate/adaptive immunity

either proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory

48
Q

define Antigen

A

any substance capable of causing an
immune response

49
Q

Primary lymphoid
organs

A

bone marrow, thymus

50
Q

Secondary lymphoid
organs

A

spleen, lymph nodes, appendix

51
Q

Define B Cells

A

Develop in the Bone Marrow
 Have specific antigen
receptor called the B cell
receptor (BCR)
 The primary function of the B
cell is to make antibody. A
fully differentiated B cell is
called a Plasma Cell
 Identified by the presence of
CD19 or CD20

52
Q

Define T Cells

A

 Develop in the Thymus
 All T cells are CD3+
 Have a specific receptor – the T cell receptor (TCR)
used to identify antigen

52
Q

Describe Cytotoxic T cells (CTL)

A

Kill
tumor cells and virus infected
cells. CD8+

53
Q

describe Helper T cells (TH)

A

Help other
cells by making important
proteins (cytokines). CD4+
 CD4+ Cells can be divided into
even more groups

54
Q

Natural Killer Cells

A

 Specialized cells that
kill tumor or virus
infected cells
 Have a special type
of cell surface
receptor: Killer
Inhibitory Receptor
(KIR)
 CD56+

55
Q

Describe Dendritic Cells

A

 “Professional antigen presenting cells”: best at
“eating” antigen and presenting it to T cells
and/or B cells
 Found in tissues such as skin, CD11c+

56
Q

Describe Granulocytes

A

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN): These cells are
CD66b+ but can be differentiated from one another by
staining.
 Types
◦ Neutrophils
◦ Eosinophils
◦ Basophils
◦ Mast Cells

57
Q

Describe Neutrophils

A

 Most abundant cell type in circulation
 Professional phagocyte – important in killing of
microorganisms

58
Q

Pus indicates the presence of which Leukocyte

A

Neutrophils

59
Q

Leukocyte best for killing antibody coated parasites, can be used in allergic reactions

A

Eosinophils

60
Q

The least abundant cell type

A

Basophils help promote allergic responses and augment parasitic immunity

61
Q

relation between Monocytes and Macrophages

A

 Primary function is phagocytosis (eating)
 Develop in the bone marrow and enter the circulation as monocyte
 When monocytes are appropriately activated or enter into appropriate
tissues they become macrophages
 CD14+

62
Q

Whats MCV

A

mean corpuscular volume (measures the average size of your red blood cells) High MCV means that the RBC are too large and indicates macrocytic anemia

63
Q

Whats MCH

A

mean corpuscular hemoglobin

The mean corpuscular hemoglobin, or “mean cell hemoglobin”, is the average mass of hemoglobin per red blood cell in a sample of blood

Low MCH levels usually occur as a result of iron deficiency that has led to anemia

MCH quantifies the amount of hemoglobin per red blood cell. The normal values for MCH are 29 ± 2 picograms (pg) per cell. MCHC (mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration) indicates the amount of hemoglobin per unit volume. In contrast to MCH, MCHC correlates the hemoglobin content with the volume of the cell.

64
Q

Whats MPV

A

mean platelet volume

Mean Platelet Volume (MPV): The average size of your platelets (range 8 -12). A high MPV with a low platelet count may indicate that the platelets you make are going into circulation very quickly. A low MPV is linked to inflammatory bowel disease, chemotherapy and certain types of anemia.

65
Q

What is a normal total WBC range for men and non-pregnant women?

A

4,500–11,000/mcL3

4.5–11.0 x 109/liter (SI units)

66
Q

What kinds of WBC make up the total WBC count

A

Neutrophils: 50%–62%
Band neutrophils: 3%–6%
Lymphocytes: 25%–40%
Monocytes: 3%–7%
Eosinophils: 0%–3%
Basophils: 0%–1%

67
Q

t/f: innate immunity is antigen specific

A

f

68
Q

what are the two parts of acquired immunity

A

cell mediated (type 4 hyper sensitivity) and humoral (type 1, 2, and 3 hypersensitivity) ALL ANTIGEN SPECIFIC

69
Q

WHAT ARE THE 2 APCs that bring new antigens to

A

Patho Pharm (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions