Lecture 5 Flashcards
DEFINE INNATE IMMUNTIY
DEFENSE MECHANISMS THAT ARE PRESENT AT BIRTH AND PROVIDE INITIAL RESPOSE TO INVASION/INJURY
INCLUDES NATURAL BARRIERS AND INFLAMMATION
DEFINE ADAPTIVE/ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
REFERS TO IMMUNITY THAT DEVELOPS OVER THE LIFETIME OF THE INDV AND PROVIDES LONG TERM PROTECTION AGAINST SPECIFIC INVADERS
WHAT FORMS THE FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE AT THE BODY’S SURFACES?
INNATE BARRIERS
WHAT IS THE SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE IF THE SURFACE BARRIER IS BREACHED?
INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
WHAT IS THE THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE AFTER INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE?
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY (ACQUIRED/SPECIFIC IMMUNITY) IS INDUCE THRUOGH A SLOWER/MORE SPECIFIC PROCESS AND TARGETS IND INVADERS/DISEASED TISSUES IN ORDER TO ERADICATE THEM.
MEMORY HELPS FORM A FASTER RESPONSE IF EXPOSED TO PATHOGEN AGAIN IN THE FUTURE
T/F: INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE INVOLVES “MEMORY”
F: ONLY ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
T/F: INNATE BARRIERS ARE STRICTLY PHYSICAL (SKIN)
F: CAN BE PHYSICAL, MECHANICAL, AND BIOCHEMCIAL / ALSO INCLUDES A HOST’S NORMAL MICROBIOME
EXAMPLES OF PHYSICAL BARRIERS W/ IN INNATE IMMUNITY
TIGHTLY ASSOCIATED EPITHELIAL CELLS (SKIN, LINING OF GI, URINARY, AND RESPRITORY TRACT)
EXAMPLES OF MECHANICAL BARRIERS W/ IN INNATE IMMUNITY
MICROORGANISMS GET SLOUGHED OFF WITH DEAD SKIN CELLS. EPITHELIAL CELLS OF THE RESP TRACT TRAP MICROORGANISMS IN MUCOUS, MOVE IT W/ CILIA TO THE UR TRACT, AND EXPELL IT WITH A SNEEZE OR COUGH. CAN BE POOED OR URINATED OUT. LOW SKIN TEMO AND LOW PH IN STOMACH KILL PATHOGENS.
EXAMPLES OF CELL-DERIVED CHEMICALS SECRETED BY THE INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM.
PERSPIRATION, TEARS, AND SALIVA THE ENZYME LYSOZYME WHICH ATTACKS THE CEL WALLS OF GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIA
SEBACCOUS GLANDS SECRETE FATTY ACIDS AND LACTIC ACID THAT KILLS BACTERIA AND FUNGI. ALSO MAKES SKIN PH 3-5 WHICH MAKES INHOSPITABLE FOR MOST BACTERIA.
EPITHELIAL CELLS SECRETE ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDES THAT KILL/INHIBIT GROWTH OF DISEASE-CAUSING BACTERIA, FUNGI, AND VIRUSES. DEFENSINS (ALSO CREATED BY NEUTROPHILS)DO THE SAME.
COLLECTINS (SOLUABLE GLYCOPROTIENS) FACILITATE THE RECOGNITION OF PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS SO THAT MACROPHAGES CAN KILL THEM. ALSO ACTIVATES THE LECTIN PATHWAY OF THE COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
T/F SURFACTANT IS A TYPE OF COLLECTIN
TRUE
COLLECTINS (SOLUABLE GLYCOPROTIENS) FACILITATE THE RECOGNITION OF PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS SO THAT MACROPHAGES CAN KILL THEM. ALSO ACTIVATES THE LECTIN PATHWAY OF THE COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
DEFINE COMMENSAL
BEFITTING THE MICROORGANISM WITHOU AFFECTING THE RBODY
HOW DOES OUR NORMAL MICROBIOME HELP US?
- MAKES ENZYMES SO WE CAN DIGEST FATTY ACIDS AND LARGE POLYSACHARRIDES
- SYNTHESIZES ESSENTIAL METABOLITIES
- RELEASES ANTIBACTERIAL SUBSTANCES TOXIC TO PATHOGENIC ORGANISMS
- COMPETES W/ PATHOGENS FOR NUTRIENTS AND BLOCKS PATHOGEN ATTACHMENT TO EPITHELIUM
- HELPS GROE GUT LYMPHOID TISSUE WHICH HELPS BUILD ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
- CONTRIBUTES TO BRAIN FUNCTION
WHATS AN OPPORTUNISTIC PATHOGEN
PATHOGEN USUALLY HARMLESS BUT BECOME PATHOGENIC IF HOST IS IMMUNOCOMPROMISED
DESCRIBE BARRIER (THE FIRST PART OF INNATE IMMUNITY)
FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE
CONSTANTLY DEFENDING
BROADLY SPECIFIC
MADE UP OF EPITHELIAL CELLS
NO MEMORY INVOLVED
INCLUDES DEFENSINS, COLLECTINS, LACTOFERRIN, AND BACTERIAL TOXINS
INCLUDES STOMACH ACID, CILIA, SKIN, MUCUS MEMBRANES, LYSOZYMES
DEFINE INFLAMMATION
THE PROTECTIVE RESPONSE THAT SUPPORTS RECOVERY FROM INJURY AND DISEASE
HAPPENS RAPIDLY REGARDLESS OF LOCATION OR CONDITION OD THE TISSUE
STARTS WHEN DAMAGE OCCURS AND INFLAMMATOY MEDIATORS ARE RELASED, CAUSING CHANGE TO MICROCIRCULATION. MIGRATION OF LEUKYTYTES, PLASMA PROTIENS
CHARACTERIZED BY REDNESS, HEAT, SWELLING, PAIN, AND LOSS OF FUNCTION
THE 4 TRAITS OF THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
IN VASCULAIZED TISSUES
ACTIVATION RAPID
INCLUDES CELLULAR AND CHECMIAL COMPONENTS
RESPONSE IS NONSPECIFIC (TAKES PLACE THE SAME WAY NOT MATTER IF IT HAPPENED IN THE PAST OR WHERE IT IS)
THE 4 STEPS OF THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
HOMEOSTASIS (COAGULATION)
VASODILATION
INCREASED VASCULAR PERMEABILTY
WHITE BLOOD CELL ADHESION
WHAT ARE THE TWO PHAGOCYTES
NEUTOPHILS AND MACROPHAGES
EXAMPLES OF BIOHEMICAL MEDIATORS IN INFLAMMATION
WBC (NEUTROPHILS), PLASMA PROTIENS
ACTIVATE PAIN FIBERS
PROTECTIVE FUNCTIONS OF INFLAMMATION
PREVNTS FURTHER INFECTION BY DILUTING TOXINS, KILLS PATHOGENS, AND REMOVES DEBRIS
LIMITS THE INFLAMMATION TO AFFECTED TISSUE
PREPARES THE AFFECTED AREA FOR HEALING
FACILITATES ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
WHAT ARE THE THREE PLASMA PROTIEN SYSTEMS
COMPLEMENT, CLOTTING, AND KININ
DESCRIBE THE CLOTTING CASCADE
EACH SYSTEM CONSISTS OF DIFFERENT PROTEINS/ENZYMES THAT ARE USUALLY INACTIVE IN BLOOD.
BECOME ACTIVATED EARLY IN INFLAMMATION BY ENZYMES, FLOAT AROUND THE BODY UNTIL IT FIND TISSUE DAMAGE AND INITIATES SEQUENTIAL ACTIVATION OF OTHER COMPONTS OF THE SYSTEM. LEADS TO PROTECTIVE BIOLOGIC FUNCTION
DEFINE THE COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
INTENSIFIES THE CAPCITY OF ANTIBODIES/PHAGOCYTES TO CLEAR BAD STUFF AND ACTIVATE INFLAMMATION
CONSISTS OF LARGE NUMBER OF PROTIENS THAT MAKE UP ABOUT 10% OF TOTAL CICULATING SERUM PLASMA
THE ACTIVATION OF C3 AND C5 RESULTS IN THE CREATION OF WHAT 3 MOLECULES CRITICAL TO IMMUNE RESPONSE
C3b: Coats surface of bacteria (opsonin’s), increasing their susceptibility to phagocytosis OPSONIZATION
C5a: (chemotactic factor) diffuses from one site of inflammation and, like a magnet, attracting leukocytes to site ANAPHYLACTIC ACTIVITY FROM MAST CELL DEGRANULATION, LEUKOCYTE CHEMOTAXIS
C3a: (anaphylatoxins) induce rapid degranulation of mast cells to release histamine (induces vasodilation and increased capillary permeability) CELL LYSIS
Define opsonin’s
C3b: Coats surface of bacteria (opsonin’s), increasing their susceptibility to phagocytosis
Define chemotactic factor
C5a: (chemotactic factor) diffuses from one site of inflammation and, like a magnet, attracting leukocytes to site
Describe MAC
Membrane Attack Complex
MAC leads to bacterial destruction and tissue injury by creating pores in the outer membranes of cells/bacteria. Water floods in and causes cellular death
What are the three major cascades that control the activation of complement?
classical pathway, alternative pathway, and lectin pathway
Describe the classical pathway (one of the cascades)
activated by antibodies. Antibodies bind to their targets (antigens, proteins/carbs produced by infectious microorganisms). These antibodies activate C1, which in turn activates the other components C3 and C5, triggering inflammation.
Describe the alternative pathway (one of the cascades)
activated directly by substances found on the surfaces of infectious organisms. Include endotoxins (lipopolysaccharides) found on bacterial membranes and carbs (zymosan) found on yeast cell walls. This pathway uses proteins (factor b, factor d) to communicate to C3 and C5, triggering inflammation.
Is used in absence of antibodies
Describe the lectin pathway (one of the cascades)
activated by several plasma proteins (mannose-binding lectin/MBL). The proteins bind to bacterial polysaccharides that contain the carb mannose and activates the complement cascade.
Infectious agents that do not activate the alternate pathway and do not have antibodies may be destroyed through the lectin pathway.
DEFINE BLOOD CLOT
MESHWORK OF FIBRIN AND PLATELETES
WHAT ARE THE 2 CONVERGING PATHWAYS THAT LEAD TO CLOT FORMATION
EXTRINISC PATHWAY: TISSUE FACTOR = TISSUE THROMBOPLASTIN RELEASED BY DAMAGED ENDOTHELIAL CELLS REACTS WITH ACTIVATED FACTOR 5
INTRINSIC PATHWAY: CONTACT ACTIVATION = ACTIVATED WHEN VESSEL WALL DAMAGE CAUSES NEGATIVELY CHARGED SUBENDOTHERLIAL SUBSTANCES TO COME INTO CONTACT W/ FACTOR 12 IS PLASMA
BOTH PATHWAYS CONVERGE AT FACTOR X, LEADING TO ACTIVATION OF FIBRIN
ACTIVATION OF CLOTTING SYSTEM CAUSES FIBRINOPEPTIDES (PROTIEN FRAGMENTS) TO ATTRACT NEUTROPHILS (CHEMOTAXIS) AND INCREASE VASCULAR PERMEABILTY
WHAT PART OF KININ SYSTEM (HELPS CLOTTING SYSTEM) CAUSES DILATION OF BLOOD VESSELS?
BRADYKININ. ALSO CAUSES PROSTGLADIN TO INDUCE PAIN, CONTRACT MUSCLES, AND INCREASES VASCULAR PERMEABILITY.
WHAT ENZYME INHIBITS THE COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
PROTEASE INHIBITORS (C1 INHIBITOR)
leukocytes ARE DIVIDED INTO ___________
GRANULOCYTES (CONTAINING MANY ENZYME FILLED CYTOPLASMIC GRANULES)
THREE TYPES OF GRANULOCYTES
BASOPHIUL, NEOTROPHILS, EOSINOPHILS
EXMAPLE OF A LYMPHOCYTE
NATURAL KILLER CELL
WHAT IS A PRR
PATTERN RECOGNITION RECEPTOR LOCATED ON CELLS IN TISSUES NEAR TH EBODY’S SURFACES (SKIN, GI, RESPRITRY TRACT)
RECOGNIZES TWO PATTERNS: PAMPS AND DAMPS
PATTERN RECOGNITION RECEPTOR RECOGNIZES WHAT TWO PATTERNS
PATHOGEN ASSOCIATED MOLECULAR PATTERNS: PAMPS
DAMAGE ASSOCIATED MOLECULAR PATTERNS: DAMPS
WHAT PRR CAN RECOGNIZE THE FOLLOWING CHARACTERISTICS: (FLAGELLA, BACTERIAL LIPOPOLYASACHARIDE, VIRAL COAT PROTIENS, BACTERIAL/VIRAL NUCLEIC ACID)
TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS (TLRs)
WHAT PRR CAN RECOGNIZE fungal infections b/c they’re on the outside of phagocytic cells
C-type lectin receptors (CLRs)
WHAT PRR IS FOUND IN LYMPHOCYTES, MACROPHAGS, AND DENDRITIC CELLS
NUCLEOTIDE BINDING-LIKE RECEPTORS (NLRs)
WHAT PRR IS FOUND on macrophages
scavenger receptors
WHAT PRR IS FOUND on immune cells, platelets, epithelial cells, smooth muscle
complement receptors
define cytokines
large family of small soluble intercellular molecules that are secreted by a variety of cells and bind to specific cell membrane receptors, where they regulate innate/adaptive immunity
either proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory
define Antigen
any substance capable of causing an
immune response
Primary lymphoid
organs
bone marrow, thymus
Secondary lymphoid
organs
spleen, lymph nodes, appendix
Define B Cells
Develop in the Bone Marrow
Have specific antigen
receptor called the B cell
receptor (BCR)
The primary function of the B
cell is to make antibody. A
fully differentiated B cell is
called a Plasma Cell
Identified by the presence of
CD19 or CD20
Define T Cells
Develop in the Thymus
All T cells are CD3+
Have a specific receptor – the T cell receptor (TCR)
used to identify antigen
Describe Cytotoxic T cells (CTL)
Kill
tumor cells and virus infected
cells. CD8+
describe Helper T cells (TH)
Help other
cells by making important
proteins (cytokines). CD4+
CD4+ Cells can be divided into
even more groups
Natural Killer Cells
Specialized cells that
kill tumor or virus
infected cells
Have a special type
of cell surface
receptor: Killer
Inhibitory Receptor
(KIR)
CD56+
Describe Dendritic Cells
“Professional antigen presenting cells”: best at
“eating” antigen and presenting it to T cells
and/or B cells
Found in tissues such as skin, CD11c+
Describe Granulocytes
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN): These cells are
CD66b+ but can be differentiated from one another by
staining.
Types
◦ Neutrophils
◦ Eosinophils
◦ Basophils
◦ Mast Cells
Describe Neutrophils
Most abundant cell type in circulation
Professional phagocyte – important in killing of
microorganisms
Pus indicates the presence of which Leukocyte
Neutrophils
Leukocyte best for killing antibody coated parasites, can be used in allergic reactions
Eosinophils
The least abundant cell type
Basophils help promote allergic responses and augment parasitic immunity
relation between Monocytes and Macrophages
Primary function is phagocytosis (eating)
Develop in the bone marrow and enter the circulation as monocyte
When monocytes are appropriately activated or enter into appropriate
tissues they become macrophages
CD14+
Whats MCV
mean corpuscular volume (measures the average size of your red blood cells) High MCV means that the RBC are too large and indicates macrocytic anemia
Whats MCH
mean corpuscular hemoglobin
The mean corpuscular hemoglobin, or “mean cell hemoglobin”, is the average mass of hemoglobin per red blood cell in a sample of blood
Low MCH levels usually occur as a result of iron deficiency that has led to anemia
MCH quantifies the amount of hemoglobin per red blood cell. The normal values for MCH are 29 ± 2 picograms (pg) per cell. MCHC (mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration) indicates the amount of hemoglobin per unit volume. In contrast to MCH, MCHC correlates the hemoglobin content with the volume of the cell.
Whats MPV
mean platelet volume
Mean Platelet Volume (MPV): The average size of your platelets (range 8 -12). A high MPV with a low platelet count may indicate that the platelets you make are going into circulation very quickly. A low MPV is linked to inflammatory bowel disease, chemotherapy and certain types of anemia.
What is a normal total WBC range for men and non-pregnant women?
4,500–11,000/mcL3
4.5–11.0 x 109/liter (SI units)
What kinds of WBC make up the total WBC count
Neutrophils: 50%–62%
Band neutrophils: 3%–6%
Lymphocytes: 25%–40%
Monocytes: 3%–7%
Eosinophils: 0%–3%
Basophils: 0%–1%
t/f: innate immunity is antigen specific
f
what are the two parts of acquired immunity
cell mediated (type 4 hyper sensitivity) and humoral (type 1, 2, and 3 hypersensitivity) ALL ANTIGEN SPECIFIC
WHAT ARE THE 2 APCs that bring new antigens to
