ATI: Infection/Antibiotics Flashcards
round bacteria
cocci (staphylococcus, streptococcus)
rod-shaped bacteria
bacilli (diphtheria, listeria)
gram positive bacteria have _____
a two layer cell wall that is easy to penetrate
gram negative bacteria have _____
a three layer cell wall that is difficult to penetrate (Neisseria meningitis, Neisseria gonorrhea, e-coli, salmonella)
Describe mycobacterium
bacteria with a waxy cell wall that makes them difficult to kill. most common in mycobacterium tuberculosis
T/F: you can use an antibitic to treat a fungal infection
F: You use an antifungal
Where can aerobic bacteria be found on the body
mouth, gi, lungs. Ex: staphylococcus aureus in skin infections
Anaerobic bacteria tends to have what sort of affect on body tissues?
produce abscesses and tissue necrosis. Clostridium perfringens causes gangrene.
What are the different capabilities of bactericidal antibiotics
CIDAL=kills bacteria directly,
weakens the cell wall (lysis)
binds to ribosomes within the bacteria and makes it so they can’t create any more proteins
interfere with enzymes needed for replication
Ex: penicillin, cephalosporins
What are the different capabilities of bacteristatic antibiotics
STATIC=kills bacteria indirectly
Binds to ribosomes and slowly decrease replicatin
Describe penicillin’s
penicillin (Amoxicillin) uses beta-lactam to disrupt cell walls (made w/ transpeptidase enzyme). Some bacteria are resistant to it so they add clavulanic acid which turns it into Augmentin. Then, med activates the enzyme used to open up the cell wall during replication, creating a hole and destroying the bacteria
Can cause C Diff, severe candidiasis, GI symptoms, allergic reactions
T/F: Cephalosporins do the same thing at penicillin’s
T: Most common cephalosporin in Keflex
Whats the difference between Monobactam and penicillin/cephalosporin
Monobactams are not effective against anaerobic or gram positive bacteria, ONLY AEROBIC GRAM NEG. Also IV admin only
What is the benefit of using a carbapenem antibiotic
Treats serious infections, considered broad range, kills gram positive cocci, negative cocci and bacilli, and anaerobic bacteria. They resist beta-lactamase so bacteria can’t develop a resistance to them.
Easily causes vomiting so infuse as recommended
Which antibiotic is used for MRSA infections?
vancomycin b/c no beta/lactam ring
also used for c diff
used as an alternate for penicillins
can cause renal failure, “red man syndrome” flushing, and ototoxicity
very destructive and irritates veins. be sure the vein does not become infiltrated during
Very incompatible with other drugs so it needs its own IV line and should be infused/diluted over an hour or more
Describe tetracycline
most bacteria is immune to it now
inhibits bacterial protein synthesis
used for chlamydia/mycoplasma infections, syphilis, rocky mountain fever, cholera, anthrax, rickets, typhus, and bad acne. Can treat some parasitic infections
Ex: doxycycline, minocycline
can discolor your teeth, stop bone growth, make you vomit, and make your sunburn worse. Don’t give to pregnant women b/cit’ll tun their baby’s teeth brown
Works best on an empty stomach. No dairy b/c it binds to calcium. No antiacids if they become nauseous
When would you use a macrolide?
Erythromycin, azithromycin
when pt is allergic to penicillin. inhibits protein synthesis
can prolong the qt interval. don’t give to liver/GI pts, dont give to low K and Mg
Increases blood levels of heart meds (warfarin, digoxin) and asthma treatments (theophylline)
Whats special about the fluoroquinolones
protect pts from anthrax after exposure, treats most UTIs
inhibits DNA replication
ciprofloxacin
can cause mild CNS symptoms. don’t take w/ antipsychotics, antidepressants, other antibiotics, antacids, and dairy products
Whats special about sulfonamides
combo of bactrim and septra
inhibits folic acid synthesis which is neccesary for DNA/RNA replications
can cause stevens’johnson syndrome
