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Tox > Test 2-Shokry > Flashcards

Test 2-Shokry Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: Specimens (except blood) for the diagnosis of NPN toxicity should be frozen immediately

A

True

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2
Q

What organs are most affected by PDFA?

A

GI and skeletal muscle

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2
Q

MOA of water deprivation-sodium ion toxicosis?

A

High sodium in the brain inhibits anaerobic glycolysis resulting in lack of energy necessary for active transport of sodium

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3
Q

What animals are most susceptible to PDFA? Most sensitive?

A

Cattle and dogs

Dogs

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3
Q

Ammonia odor is indicative of what type of toxicity?

A

NPN

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4
Q

What is the cause of death of NPN toxicity?

A

Cardiac or respiratory failure

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5
Q

Prognosis of PCP

A

Fair chance at complete recovery if the animal survives for 24 hours

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6
Q

T/F: Alkalinization of urine enhances renal excretion of PDFA?

A

True

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7
Q

What rumen pH is indicative of NPN toxicosis?

A

>7.5

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8
Q

MOA of PCP

A

Uncouples oxidative phosphorylation and blocks or decreases ATP

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8
Q

What can you give to reverse the acidosis caused by NPN toxicity?

A

Sodium bicarb IV

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10
Q

Where does paraquat mostly distribute to?

A

Lungs

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10
Q

What species is most susceptible to NPN toxicity?

A

Ruminants

Horses also susceptible

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11
Q

What can you give to cattle to treat NPN toxicity?

A

Acetic acid 5% or vinegar followd by a loarge volume of cold water

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11
Q

T/F: Monogastrics absorb more ionophores than ruminants?

A

True

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12
Q

What are the main lesions of ionophore toxicosis in horses?

A

Cardiac muscle lesions

Also skeletal muscle lesions

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14
Q

What is the prognosis of dipyridyl herbicides?

A

Guarded to grave

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14
Q

What is the effect of PCP on body temp and acid-base status?

A

Overheating

Metabolic acidosis

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15
Q

Bentonite or Fuller’s earth can be used to treat what toxin?

A

Dipyridyl herbicides (paraquat and diquat)

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15
Q

What is the most sensitive species to ionophore toxicosis? Intermediate? Least?

A

Horses

Cattle

Poultry

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16
Q

Prognosis of water deprivation-sodium ion toxicosis?

A

Poor

Mortality is about 50%

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17
Q

Other DDx of ionophore toxicosis in cattle?

A

Vitamin E/selenium deficiency

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19
Q

T/F: PCP vapors can’t penetrate intact skin

A

False

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19
Q

What is the most toxic of all NPN compounds?

A

Urea

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20
Q

Lesions from dipyridyl herbicides are most commonly found where?

A

Lungs

Tongue

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21
Q

What is the most commonly used NPN?

A

Urea

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23
Q

What Shokry toxins cross the BBB?

A

PDFA

Non ionized ammonia

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24
Q

What treatment is contraindicated with dipyridyl herbicides?

A

Oxygen

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25
Q

How do high and low temperatures affect PCP toxicosis?

A

High will increase toxicity

Low will decrease toxicity

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26
Q

What toxin is reduced by NADPH to singlet oxygen?

A

Dipyridyl herbicides (paraquat and diquat)

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27
Q

What levels will be altered in an animal with PDFA toxicity?

A

Increased ALP (AP)

Increased LDH

Increased CPK

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28
Q

Shokry toxins that cause rapid rigor mortis

A

PCP

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29
Q

T/F: Fasting decreases NPN toxicity

T/F: Dehydration or low water intake increases NPN toxicity

A

False

True

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31
Q

What is the most toxic route of PCP toxicosis?

A

Dermal exposure

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32
Q

FOR ALL THE FUCKING MARBLES…

What increases NPN toxicity?

A

Younger animals

Fasting

Dehydration

Feeds rich in urease

Hepatic insufficiency

Diet low in energy and protein but high in fiber

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34
Q

Which of the dipyridyl herbicides is absorbed form the GI tract and skin?

A

Paraquat

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35
Q

MOA of NPN?

A

Ammonia inhibits citric acid cycle resulting in lack of energy

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35
Q

Most susceptible species to water deprivation-sodium ion toxicosis?

A

Pigs

Cattle

Poultry

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36
Q

MOA of ionophores?

A

Disrupt transmembrane electrochemical gradients:

Increase intracellular sodium and calcium

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38
Q

Selenium-vitamin E deficiency, depletion of tissue glutathione, and oxygen therapy enhance the toxicity of what toxin?

A

Dipyridyl herbicides (paraquat and diquat)

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40
Q

NPN toxicity can be confused with caustics or inorganic arsenics except for this symptomatic difference

A

NPN does not have diarrhea and causes nervous signs

41
Q

Other DDx of ionophore toxicosis in horses?

A

Colic

Blister beetle ingestion

Azoturia

42
Q

NPN toxicity can be confused with chlorinated hydrocarbons except for these symptoms

A

Abnormal posturing

Jumping over objects

Manical behavior

(Chlorinated hydrocarbon signs)

43
Q

What are the feed and water related toxicants?

A

NPN

Ionophore

Water deprivation-sodium salt

44
Q

What should be done first when treating NPN toxicity?

A

Relieve the bloat first

45
Q

Characteristic sign of PDFA in ruminants?

A

Rumen stasis

46
Q

What enzymes are elevated with ionophore toxicosis?

A

CPK

AST

LDH

ALP

48
Q

What rumen pH enhances absorption of ammonia?

A

8-9

49
Q

What is the most common way that PDFA are ingested?

A

Grazing or access to freshly sprayed forage

50
Q

Treatment of water deprivation-sodium ion toxicosis?

A

Small amounts of fresh water to avoid agrevating cerebral edema

5% dextrose fluids and furosemide in small animals

Anticonvulsants in small animals

51
Q

What are the main lesions of ionophore toxicosis in sheep, swine, and dogs?

A

Skeletal muscle lesions

52
Q

What pH enhances hydrolysis of urea by urease?

A

Alkaline pH

53
Q

What concurrent drug administration increases ionophore toxicosis?

A

Tiamulin

Chloramphenicol

Erythromycin

Sulfonamides

Cardiac glycosides

54
Q

NPN toxicity can be confused with organophosphate toxicity except for this sign

A

OP causes parasympathomimetic signs and respond to atropine

55
Q

What is pathognomonic in pigs with water deprivation-sodium ion toxicosis?

A

Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis

56
Q

How does age affect NPN toxicity?

A

Less than 6 weeks = tolerant

less than 1 year = more sensitive than adults

57
Q

T/F: Chronic inorganic arsenic toxicosis has not been documented in animals

A

True

58
Q

What animals are most susceptible to inorganic arsenic toxicosis?

A

Herbivores

59
Q

Rank the toxicity of the following inorganic arsenic forms: organic, inorganic trivalent, inorganic pentavalent

A

Inorganic trivalent > inorganic pentavalent > organic

60
Q

Where are inorganic arsenics absorbed from?

A

GIT

Intact skin

Inhalation

61
Q

T/F: Milk from cows poisoned with inorganic arsenic does not contain toxic levels

A

False

It does

62
Q

MOA of inorganic arsenic?

A

Blocks lipoic (thiotic) acid which inhibits or slows glycolysis and TCA cycle

63
Q

Characteristic lesions of inorganic arsenic toxicosis?

A

GI mucosal edema and hemorrhage with sloughing and perforation

Liver and kidney damage

64
Q

What specimens are best to test pre and postmortem for inorganic arsenic toxicosis?

A

Pre - urine

Post - liver and kidney

65
Q

What drugs are contraindicated in the decomtamination of inorganic arsenic toxicosis?

A

Emetics

Strong cathartics

66
Q

What is the chelator of choice for inorganic arsenic?

A

Dimercaprol

67
Q

Prognosis of inorganic arsenic toxicosis?

A

Grave if not treated early

68
Q

What factors increase organic arsenical toxicosis?

A

Dehydration

Water deprivation

Renal insufficiency

69
Q

MOA of organic arsenicals?

A

Peripheral nerve demyelination and axonal damage similar to vitamin B deficiency

70
Q

Which organic arsenical may cause blindness?

A

Arsanilic acid

Not roxarsone

71
Q

Which arsenical toxicosis can cause chronic toxicosis? Organic or inorganic?

A

Organic

72
Q

What clinical signs are seen in swine with arsanilic acid toxicosis?

A

Incoordination

Ataxia

Partial paralysis

73
Q

What clinical signs are seen in poultry with arsenical toxicosis?

A

Anorexia

Depression

Coma

Death

74
Q

What clinical signs are seen in swine with roxarsone toxicosis?

A

Hyperexcitability

Tremors

Collapse

Coma

No blindness

75
Q

Prognosis of organic arsenical toxicosis?

A

Good

Recover in 2-4 weeks

76
Q

Which form of copper toxicosis is more common? Acute or chronic

A

Chronic

77
Q

In general, what clinical signs are associated with acute copper toxicosis?

A

Severe GI signs

78
Q

What is the normal copper:molybdenum ratio?

A

6:1

79
Q

Imbalances of what 3 molecules can cause accumulation of copper in the liver?

A

Copper

Molybdenum

Sulfate

80
Q

What dog breed is mostly associated with chronic copper toxicosis?

A

Bedlington terrier

81
Q

What drugs can be used to treat chronic copper toxicosis in sheep?

A

D-penicillamine

Ammonium tetrathiomolybate

82
Q

What species is most susceptible to molybdenum toxicosis? Resistant?

A

Cattle

Horses and pigs

83
Q

What effect does high levels of dietary sulfate have on mulybdenum toxicity? Dietary copper?

A

Increases

Decreases

84
Q

What are some clinical signs of molybdenum toxicosis?

A

Severe diarrhea

Rough hair coat and depigmentation around the eyes

85
Q

What can you use to treat molybdenum toxicosis?

A

Copper glycinate

Copper sulfate added to diet

86
Q

Rank the following forms of selenium from most toxic to least toxic:

Synthetic

Organic

Selenate

Selenide

Selenite

A

Organic > selenate = selenite > selenide > synthetic

87
Q

What type of soil promotes the formation of selenate?

A

Arid alkaline soil

88
Q

What factors reduce the toxicity of selenium?

A

High protein diet

Ingestion of other elements that bind selenium (copper)

89
Q

What effect does arsenic have on the excretion of selenium?

A

Increases biliary excretion

90
Q

MOA of selenium toxicosis?

A

Dramatic depletion of tissue glutathione (GSH)

91
Q

Cause of death in acute and subacute selenium toxicosis?

A

Respiratory insufficiency from pulmonary edema and hemorrhage

92
Q

Cause of death in chronic selenium toxicosis?

A

Starvation and thirst as a result of weakness, lameness, and blindness

93
Q

What toxin causes “blind staggers” in cattle

A

Selenium

94
Q

What stage of selenium toxicosis has incoordination and foreleg weakness?

A

Stage 2

95
Q

What stage of selenium toxicosis has colic, blindness, and paresis?

A

Stage 3

96
Q

What toxin causes a condition called ‘porcine focal symmetrical poliomyelomalacia”?

A

Selenium

97
Q

What toxin is associated with the gut contents smelling like rotten garlic or rotten horseradish?

A

Selenium

98
Q

Treatment of acute selenium toxicosis?

A

Acetylcystein

Saline cathartics

99
Q

What can be added to the diet to prevent selenium toxicosis?

A

Copper

High protein

Sulfur-containing proteins

Organic arsenicals

100
Q

What is the prognosis of acute selenium toxicosis?

A

Poor

Die quickly

Tox (5 decks)

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