Test 2-Shokry Flashcards
T/F: Specimens (except blood) for the diagnosis of NPN toxicity should be frozen immediately
True
What organs are most affected by PDFA?
GI and skeletal muscle
MOA of water deprivation-sodium ion toxicosis?
High sodium in the brain inhibits anaerobic glycolysis resulting in lack of energy necessary for active transport of sodium
What animals are most susceptible to PDFA? Most sensitive?
Cattle and dogs
Dogs
Ammonia odor is indicative of what type of toxicity?
NPN
What is the cause of death of NPN toxicity?
Cardiac or respiratory failure
Prognosis of PCP
Fair chance at complete recovery if the animal survives for 24 hours
T/F: Alkalinization of urine enhances renal excretion of PDFA?
True
What rumen pH is indicative of NPN toxicosis?
>7.5
MOA of PCP
Uncouples oxidative phosphorylation and blocks or decreases ATP
What can you give to reverse the acidosis caused by NPN toxicity?
Sodium bicarb IV
Where does paraquat mostly distribute to?
Lungs
What species is most susceptible to NPN toxicity?
Ruminants
Horses also susceptible
What can you give to cattle to treat NPN toxicity?
Acetic acid 5% or vinegar followd by a loarge volume of cold water
T/F: Monogastrics absorb more ionophores than ruminants?
True
What are the main lesions of ionophore toxicosis in horses?
Cardiac muscle lesions
Also skeletal muscle lesions
What is the prognosis of dipyridyl herbicides?
Guarded to grave
What is the effect of PCP on body temp and acid-base status?
Overheating
Metabolic acidosis
Bentonite or Fuller’s earth can be used to treat what toxin?
Dipyridyl herbicides (paraquat and diquat)
What is the most sensitive species to ionophore toxicosis? Intermediate? Least?
Horses
Cattle
Poultry
Prognosis of water deprivation-sodium ion toxicosis?
Poor
Mortality is about 50%
Other DDx of ionophore toxicosis in cattle?
Vitamin E/selenium deficiency
T/F: PCP vapors can’t penetrate intact skin
False
What is the most toxic of all NPN compounds?
Urea
Lesions from dipyridyl herbicides are most commonly found where?
Lungs
Tongue
What is the most commonly used NPN?
Urea
What Shokry toxins cross the BBB?
PDFA
Non ionized ammonia
What treatment is contraindicated with dipyridyl herbicides?
Oxygen
How do high and low temperatures affect PCP toxicosis?
High will increase toxicity
Low will decrease toxicity
What toxin is reduced by NADPH to singlet oxygen?
Dipyridyl herbicides (paraquat and diquat)
What levels will be altered in an animal with PDFA toxicity?
Increased ALP (AP)
Increased LDH
Increased CPK
Shokry toxins that cause rapid rigor mortis
PCP
T/F: Fasting decreases NPN toxicity
T/F: Dehydration or low water intake increases NPN toxicity
False
True
What is the most toxic route of PCP toxicosis?
Dermal exposure
FOR ALL THE FUCKING MARBLES…
What increases NPN toxicity?
Younger animals
Fasting
Dehydration
Feeds rich in urease
Hepatic insufficiency
Diet low in energy and protein but high in fiber
Which of the dipyridyl herbicides is absorbed form the GI tract and skin?
Paraquat
MOA of NPN?
Ammonia inhibits citric acid cycle resulting in lack of energy
Most susceptible species to water deprivation-sodium ion toxicosis?
Pigs
Cattle
Poultry
MOA of ionophores?
Disrupt transmembrane electrochemical gradients:
Increase intracellular sodium and calcium
Selenium-vitamin E deficiency, depletion of tissue glutathione, and oxygen therapy enhance the toxicity of what toxin?
Dipyridyl herbicides (paraquat and diquat)
NPN toxicity can be confused with caustics or inorganic arsenics except for this symptomatic difference
NPN does not have diarrhea and causes nervous signs
Other DDx of ionophore toxicosis in horses?
Colic
Blister beetle ingestion
Azoturia
NPN toxicity can be confused with chlorinated hydrocarbons except for these symptoms
Abnormal posturing
Jumping over objects
Manical behavior
(Chlorinated hydrocarbon signs)
What are the feed and water related toxicants?
NPN
Ionophore
Water deprivation-sodium salt
What should be done first when treating NPN toxicity?
Relieve the bloat first
Characteristic sign of PDFA in ruminants?
Rumen stasis
What enzymes are elevated with ionophore toxicosis?
CPK
AST
LDH
ALP
What rumen pH enhances absorption of ammonia?
8-9
What is the most common way that PDFA are ingested?
Grazing or access to freshly sprayed forage
Treatment of water deprivation-sodium ion toxicosis?
Small amounts of fresh water to avoid agrevating cerebral edema
5% dextrose fluids and furosemide in small animals
Anticonvulsants in small animals
What are the main lesions of ionophore toxicosis in sheep, swine, and dogs?
Skeletal muscle lesions
What pH enhances hydrolysis of urea by urease?
Alkaline pH
What concurrent drug administration increases ionophore toxicosis?
Tiamulin
Chloramphenicol
Erythromycin
Sulfonamides
Cardiac glycosides
NPN toxicity can be confused with organophosphate toxicity except for this sign
OP causes parasympathomimetic signs and respond to atropine
What is pathognomonic in pigs with water deprivation-sodium ion toxicosis?
Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis
How does age affect NPN toxicity?
Less than 6 weeks = tolerant
less than 1 year = more sensitive than adults
T/F: Chronic inorganic arsenic toxicosis has not been documented in animals
True
What animals are most susceptible to inorganic arsenic toxicosis?
Herbivores
Rank the toxicity of the following inorganic arsenic forms: organic, inorganic trivalent, inorganic pentavalent
Inorganic trivalent > inorganic pentavalent > organic
Where are inorganic arsenics absorbed from?
GIT
Intact skin
Inhalation
T/F: Milk from cows poisoned with inorganic arsenic does not contain toxic levels
False
It does
MOA of inorganic arsenic?
Blocks lipoic (thiotic) acid which inhibits or slows glycolysis and TCA cycle
Characteristic lesions of inorganic arsenic toxicosis?
GI mucosal edema and hemorrhage with sloughing and perforation
Liver and kidney damage
What specimens are best to test pre and postmortem for inorganic arsenic toxicosis?
Pre - urine
Post - liver and kidney
What drugs are contraindicated in the decomtamination of inorganic arsenic toxicosis?
Emetics
Strong cathartics
What is the chelator of choice for inorganic arsenic?
Dimercaprol
Prognosis of inorganic arsenic toxicosis?
Grave if not treated early
What factors increase organic arsenical toxicosis?
Dehydration
Water deprivation
Renal insufficiency
MOA of organic arsenicals?
Peripheral nerve demyelination and axonal damage similar to vitamin B deficiency
Which organic arsenical may cause blindness?
Arsanilic acid
Not roxarsone
Which arsenical toxicosis can cause chronic toxicosis? Organic or inorganic?
Organic
What clinical signs are seen in swine with arsanilic acid toxicosis?
Incoordination
Ataxia
Partial paralysis
What clinical signs are seen in poultry with arsenical toxicosis?
Anorexia
Depression
Coma
Death
What clinical signs are seen in swine with roxarsone toxicosis?
Hyperexcitability
Tremors
Collapse
Coma
No blindness
Prognosis of organic arsenical toxicosis?
Good
Recover in 2-4 weeks
Which form of copper toxicosis is more common? Acute or chronic
Chronic
In general, what clinical signs are associated with acute copper toxicosis?
Severe GI signs
What is the normal copper:molybdenum ratio?
6:1
Imbalances of what 3 molecules can cause accumulation of copper in the liver?
Copper
Molybdenum
Sulfate
What dog breed is mostly associated with chronic copper toxicosis?
Bedlington terrier
What drugs can be used to treat chronic copper toxicosis in sheep?
D-penicillamine
Ammonium tetrathiomolybate
What species is most susceptible to molybdenum toxicosis? Resistant?
Cattle
Horses and pigs
What effect does high levels of dietary sulfate have on mulybdenum toxicity? Dietary copper?
Increases
Decreases
What are some clinical signs of molybdenum toxicosis?
Severe diarrhea
Rough hair coat and depigmentation around the eyes
What can you use to treat molybdenum toxicosis?
Copper glycinate
Copper sulfate added to diet
Rank the following forms of selenium from most toxic to least toxic:
Synthetic
Organic
Selenate
Selenide
Selenite
Organic > selenate = selenite > selenide > synthetic
What type of soil promotes the formation of selenate?
Arid alkaline soil
What factors reduce the toxicity of selenium?
High protein diet
Ingestion of other elements that bind selenium (copper)
What effect does arsenic have on the excretion of selenium?
Increases biliary excretion
MOA of selenium toxicosis?
Dramatic depletion of tissue glutathione (GSH)
Cause of death in acute and subacute selenium toxicosis?
Respiratory insufficiency from pulmonary edema and hemorrhage
Cause of death in chronic selenium toxicosis?
Starvation and thirst as a result of weakness, lameness, and blindness
What toxin causes “blind staggers” in cattle
Selenium
What stage of selenium toxicosis has incoordination and foreleg weakness?
Stage 2
What stage of selenium toxicosis has colic, blindness, and paresis?
Stage 3
What toxin causes a condition called ‘porcine focal symmetrical poliomyelomalacia”?
Selenium
What toxin is associated with the gut contents smelling like rotten garlic or rotten horseradish?
Selenium
Treatment of acute selenium toxicosis?
Acetylcystein
Saline cathartics
What can be added to the diet to prevent selenium toxicosis?
Copper
High protein
Sulfur-containing proteins
Organic arsenicals
What is the prognosis of acute selenium toxicosis?
Poor
Die quickly
