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Tox > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Effect of DDT toxicity in fish?

A

Repro

Neurotoxic

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2
Q

What gas is associated with a yellow haze in animal quarters?

A

Nitrogen oxide

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3
Q

Commercial test for cyanide poisoning? What kind of sample do you use? What color change is positive?

A

Sodium picrate paper test

Rumen contents or the plant

Change from yellow to brick red

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3
Q

Gasoline, kerosene, and petroleum distillates are what type of petroleum products and what do they cause?

A

Refined long-chain aliphatics

Aspiration pneumonia

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4
Q

How does calcium affect the toxicity of soluble oxalate?

A

Decreases

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4
Q

Lesions associated with petroleum products?

A

Ulceration in the trachea

Oil in bronchi or GIT

Degeneration and necrosis of liver and kidney (aliphatic hydrocarbons)

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5
Q

Toxins that cause death by inhibiting cytochrome oxidase?

A

H2S

Cyanide

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6
Q

DDX of fluoride toxicosis?

A

Vitamin D deficiency

Parathyroid disease

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6
Q

MOA of H2S?

A

Direct irritant of MM

Inhibits cytochrome oxidase -> inhibits cellular respiration

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7
Q

What is the toxic dose of HCN in all animals?

A

2-2.3 mg/kg (highly toxic)

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7
Q

Clinical signs of chronic cyanide poisoning?

A

Posterior paralysis

Incontinence

Cystitis

Possible goitrogenic effect

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7
Q

Effect of DDT toxicity in birds?

A

Eggshell thinning

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8
Q

How can nitrogen gas be converted to nitrate/nitrite?

A

Alkali

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9
Q

Bovine hyerkeratosis is associated with what toxin?

A

Petroleum (chlorinated naphthalenes)

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10
Q

Treatment of CO?

A

Oxygen

5% CO2

Blood transfusion

Fluids

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11
Q

What is the most important determinant of respiratory injury?

A

Solubility of the toxin

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11
Q

T/F: Most young plants are less toxic than mature plants

A

False

More toxic

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12
Q

What is the specimen of choice for diagnosing nitrite poisoning in dead animals?

A

Ocular fluid

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12
Q

MOA of chronic cyanide poisoning?

A

Neuronal degeneration and demyelination of the brain and spinal cord

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12
Q

Lesions of Nitrogen oxide?

A

Lung shit

Methemoglobinemia

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13
Q

Odor associated with nitrogen oxide?

A

Chlorine-like odor

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13
Q

MOA of irritants (smoke inhalation)

A

Chemically react on contact with mucous membranes to cause local effects

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14
Q

What type of fluoride toxicosis causes delayed mineralization of teeth?

A

Chronic

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16
Q

What are the characteristic lesions of nitrogen oxide gas toxicity?

A

Pulmonary edema

Methemoglobinemia

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17
Q

Where is fluoride mainly stored?

A

Bones and teeth

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18
Q

Lesions of H2S?

A

Dark blood, may not clot

Tissues are dark or green/purple

GI contents are black/gray and smell

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19
Q

T/F: Nitrite crosses the placenta

A

True

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20
Q

What toxin in associated with bloood-tinged froth?

A

Soluble oxalate

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21
Q

Adding murcuric chloride to a sample being tested for what poison will preserve it?

A

Cyanide

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22
Q

What treatments are generally contraindicated with petroleum poisoning?

A

Emetics

Gastric lavage

Glucocorticoids

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23
Q

T/F: Petroleum products with high boiling points are relatively non-toxic

A

True

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23
Q

At what percent COHb will death occur?

A

60-70%

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24
Q

Benzene, toluene, and xylene are what type of petroleum products and what do they cause?

A

Refined aromatic hydrocarbons

Bone mattow suppression

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25
Q

Sodium thiosulfate is used to treat what toxin and how does it work?

A

Cyanide

Converts CN- to thiocyanate (less toxic)

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26
Q

T/F: Emetics and gastric lavage are good treatments for petroleum poisoning

A

False

Generally contraindicated

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27
Q

What gas is reddish brown in color?

A

NO2

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27
Q

What are the best diagnostic samples for cyanide poisoning?

A

Brain and heart

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28
Q

Which is more readily absorbed, aromatic hydrocarbons or aliphatic hydrocarbons?

A

Aromatic hydrocarbons

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29
Q

Along with nitrite, what other toxins cause methemoglobinemia?

A

Copper

Acetominophen

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30
Q

T/F: Nitrate is 10x more toxic than nitrite

A

False

Nitrite is more toxic

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31
Q

Lesions of acute fluoride toxicosis?

A

Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis

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32
Q

Prognosis of petroleum poisoning?

A

Depends on severity

Guarded to poor in severe cases due to oil in the lungs

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33
Q

What form of absorption of petroleum products will cause aspiration pneumonia?

A

Absorption via GIT

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34
Q

Sodium nitrite is used to treat what toxin and how does it work?

A

Cyanide

Causes methemoglobin which binds CN- and reactivated cytochrome oxidase

36
Q

Which form of cyanide is more toxic? Cyanide or thiocyanate

A

Cyanide

38
Q

How is cyanide absorbed into the body?

A

GIT

Inhalation

Intact skin

39
Q

Fluoride is fatal to the fetus?

A

False

It crosses the placenta but the fetus is generally not affected

40
Q

For soluble oxalate poisoning, list the parts of the plant from most to least toxic:

Seeds

Leaves

Stems

A

Leaves

Seeds

Stems

41
Q

What causes “silo filler’s disease” in people?

A

Nitrogen oxide

42
Q

Clinical signs of acute fluoride toxicosis?

A

Hemorrhagic hastroenteritis

CNS stimulation/clonic seizures

Decreased milk production

Death from respiratory and cardiac failure

43
Q

Effect of DDT toxicity in mammals?

A

Liver and kidney damage

Neurotoxin effects

Teratogenic (mice)

Carcinogenic

44
Q

What is the cause of death with nitrogen oxide poisoning?

A

Hypoxia

45
Q

How do petroleum products enter the body?

A

GI

Intact skin

Inhalation

46
Q

MOA of simple asphyxiants?

A

Space occupying at the expense of oxygen

46
Q

Systemic effects of petroleum products?

A

CNS depression

Liver/kidney damage

Bone marrow suppression

47
Q

Treatment of H2S?

A

Sodium nitrite IV

Forms metHg which reactivates cytochrome oxidase

48
Q

Lesions of chronic fluoride toxicosis?

A

Dental and bone lesions

50
Q

Describe the lesions in the kidney from soluble oxalate poisoning

A

Dark red cortex and medulla separated by a gray line from accumulation of oxalate crystals in the renal tubules

51
Q

T/F: Stimulation of rumen microflora increases the toxicity of nitrates

A

True

52
Q

What species are most susceptible to ammonia?

A

Livestock

54
Q

Which is more toxic? Sour crude of sweet crude

A

Sweet crude

55
Q

Colors of Nitrogen oxide gases?

A

NO2 = red brown

NO4 = colorless

56
Q

Which toxin causes hypocalcemia, tetany, and damage to kidney tubules and why?

A

Soluble oxalate

Binds with calcium in the blood to for calcium oxalate crystals

58
Q

How can you tell the difference between nitrate and cyanide poisoning since they both cause rapid death?

A

Blood color

Nitrate = chocolate brown

Cyanide = cherry red

59
Q

If you see a yellow haze within animal quarters, what gas is present?

A

Nitrogen oxide

DO NOT ENTER

60
Q

Odor associated with Nitrogen oxide?

A

Chlorine

61
Q

What is the most important lesion associated with nitrite poisoning?

A

Brown-chocolate colored blood (methemoglobin)

62
Q

Which is more toxic, soluble sodium fluoride or calcium fluoride?

A

Sodium fluoride

64
Q

How does Methylene blue 1% treat nitrate poisoning?

A

Converts metHb back to Hb

Turns ferric iron back into ferris

65
Q

What species is most susceptible to petroleum poisoning?

A

Cattle

66
Q

MOA of chemical asphyxiants

A

Prevent uptake of oxygen

67
Q

Half life of DDT?

A

Up to 15 years

68
Q

Lesions on CO?

A

Bright red blood

70
Q

Methane, ethane, propane, and butane are what type of petroleum product?

A

Refined short-chain aliphatics

72
Q

What is the field test used to test for nitrate in forage?

A

Diphenylamine test

74
Q

What species should you not induce emesis in?

A

Horse

Rat

Rabbits

Guinea pigs

Japanese quail

75
Q

T/F: Food in the rumen reduces the rate of absorption of soluble oxalate

A

True

75
Q

How is fluoride absorbed?

A

GIT

77
Q

Which fluoride toxicosis is more common, acute or chronic? Which species is it more common in?

A

Chronic more common

Mainly seen in dairy cattle

78
Q

How do you preserve blood to test for methemoglobin concentration?

A

One part blood to twenty parts phosphate buffer (pH6.6)

79
Q

Sensitivity levels in ruminants, horses, and pigs to nitrate?

A

Ruminants are most susceptible

Horses are very sensitive to IV nitrite

Pigs are resistant

80
Q

Gas common in silos?

A

Nitrogen oxide

81
Q

What enzyme is released due to damage to cyanide plants?

A

B-glucosidase

Hydrolyzes cyanogenic glycosides and releases cyanide

82
Q

Cause of death of sulfur oxide?

A

Hypoxia

83
Q

Toxins that cause bright red blood?

A

CO

Cyanide

84
Q

Best specimen to submit for Dx of fluoride toxicosis?

A

Bone

85
Q

Clinical signs of acute cyanide poisoning?

A

Tachypnea

Anziety

Panting

Gasping

Die in 4-5 minutes from onset of clinical signs

86
Q

Treatment for Nitrogen oxide?

A

Methylene blue IV

Reverses metHb

88
Q

MOA of acute nitrite toxicosis?

A

Oxidation of ferrous iron to ferric and conversion of hemoblobin to methemoglobin

89
Q

MOA of CO?

A

Forms carboxyhemoglobin

90
Q

Treatment of fluoride toxicosis?

A

Aluminum salts

Calcium carbonate

Defluoridated phosphate

Form insoluble compounds with fluoride in the gut

91
Q

Lesions associated with cyanide poisoning?

A

Bright red mucous membranes

Cherry red blood

93
Q

What gas is associated with a bitter almond or ammoniacal odor?

A

HCN

94
Q

What is the treatment of choice for nitrate poisoning?

A

Metylene blue 1%

Cant give it to cats

94
Q

Clinical signs of ammonia?

A

Decreased growth rate and egg production

Clonic seizures

95
Q

What species does cyanide poisoning mostly affect?

A

Large animals

Cattla>sheep>horses and swine

95
Q

Rank the following parts of a plant from most to least toxic for cyanide:

Bark

Fruit

Leaves

Seeds

Stems

A

Seeds

Leaves

Bark

Stems

Fruit

96
Q

MOA of acute cyanide poisoning?

A

Blocks electron transport and causes histotoxic anoxia

98
Q

Source of H2S?

A

Urine and feces

100
Q

Odor associated with H2S?

A

Rotten egg smell

101
Q

Clinical signs of chronic fluoride toxicosis?

A

Bony exostoses

Spontaneous fractures

Brown color around eroded areas in teeth

Rough haircoat, reduced millk production and reproduction

102
Q

What two blood conditions increase nitrate toxicity?

A

Anemia

Methemoglobinemia

103
Q

MOA of ammonia?

A

Direct irritant to mucous membranes causing pulmonary edema and congestion

104
Q

Whal ions does fluoride have a strong affinity for?

A

Calcium

Aluminum

Iron

105
Q

What causes abortion in acute and chronic nitrite toxicosis?

A

Acute = fetal methemoglobinemia

Chronic = decreased progesterone

106
Q

Treatment for cyanide poisoning?

A

Sodium nitrite 20%

Sodium thiosulfate 20%

107
Q

Do short-chain aliphatics have a low or high toxicity?

A

Low

108
Q

Which gas causes more deaths in closed facilities than any other gas?

A

H2S

Tox (5 decks)

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