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Tox > Test 2-Boots > Flashcards

Test 2-Boots Flashcards

1
Q

What pH conditions increase lead absorption?

A

Acidic

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1
Q

T/F: Chelation should be started before removing lead FBs

A

False: will increase absorption further

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1
Q

Iron toxicity signs?

A

GIT, liver, cardio-> shock and death

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2
Q

T/F: activated charcoal is not effective with iron

A

True

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2
Q

Treatment that will help precipitate iron

A

Milk of magnesia

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3
Q

T/F: Ferrous iron is more irritant than ferric iron

A

False

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3
Q

What are the late signs of EG toxicosis and how long do they last?

A

Oliguric renal failure

Anuria (72-96h PI)

Dogs - 24-72h PI

Cats - 12-24h PI

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3
Q

What substances could cause a false positive reading on the Kacey EG test?

A

Propylene glycol (diazepam)

Mannitol

Sorbitol (activated charcoal)

Glycerol

Ethanol

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3
Q

Clinical signs of PG?

A

Narcotic effects and acidosis

Ataxia and CNS depression

Heinz body anemia in cats

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4
Q

Lesions or characteristics that can help you diagnose zinc phosphide toxicity?

A

Garlic/fishy odor

Gastroeneteritis

Congestion of liver, kidney, lungs

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4
Q

Treatment options for flouroacetate?

A

Often too later

Activated charcoal

Glyceryl monoacetate

Acetic acid/ethanol-oral, less effective

Acetamide/Dextros__e

IV calcium for arrhythmias

Sodium bicarb for met. acidosis

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4
Q

Is acute renal failure caused by EG or its metabolites?

A

Metabolites

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5
Q

What pH environment favors zinc absoprtion?

A

Acidic

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6
Q

Prognosis or flouroacetate?

A

Guarded to grave

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6
Q

What is the second most common cause of fatal poisoning in animals?

A

EG

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7
Q

Prognosis of EG?

A

Good if treated early

Grave once azotemia is present

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7
Q

Supportive and symptomatic treatment for PG?

A

IV fluids

Bicarbonate

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8
Q

Most common clinical signs of flouroacetate tox in horses, cattle, sheep, gots

A

Cardiac signs

Death from arrhythmias or respiratory failure

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8
Q

MOA of metaldehyde?

A

Decreases brain GABA, NE, Serotonin

Increases MAO-> breaksdown Serotonin and NE

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9
Q

Most common clinical signs of flouroacetate tox in cats and pigs?

A

CNS depression or excitement

Cardiac signs: bradycardia, arrhythmias

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9
Q

T/F: PG is metabolized to toxic metabolites

A

False

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10
Q

Rodenticide that is a weak base?

A

Strychnine

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11
Q

Primary transport protein of iron

A

Transferrin

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12
Q

Toxins on this test that cause rapid rigor mortis?

A

Strychnine

Flouroacetate

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12
Q

Characteristics and lesions that help diagnose metaldehyde?

A

Formaldehyde odor

Congestion

Survivors: degeneration of brain tissue

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13
Q

Main clinical signs of flouroacetate tox in dogs?

A

CNS stimulation

GI signs

Death within 2-12h from resp. failure

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14
Q

Treatment for metaldehyde

A

Deizures- diazepam, phenobarbital (increases elmination)

Xylazine/Ace- horses

Muscle relaxants

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15
Q

Deficiency in what minerals increases lead absorption

A

Iron

Zinc

Ca

Vit D

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16
Q

How is lead transported throughout the body?

A

Bound to RBC membrane

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17
Q

Lead accumulates where?

A

Soft tissues (4-6w)

Bone (years)

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17
Q

T/F: You should not use activated charcoal if you are giving oral ethanol as treatment for EG

A

True

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18
Q

Where does zinc accumulate the fastest?

A

Pancrese

Livery

Kidney

Spleen

Male repro

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19
Q

Most sensitive animal to Strychnine?

Most frequently poisoned?

A

Dogs x2

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21
Q

Clinicals signs of zinc phosphide toxicity?

A

CNS excitment in dogs- mad dog running

Anorexia, hematemesis

Abd pain/bloat- cattle

Wheezing, dyspnea

Tissue anoxia-> death within 48h

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22
Q

T/F: Oral iron is more toxic than parenteral iron

A

False

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23
Q

T/F: activated charcoal is the treatment of choice for lead

A

False- not recommended, doesn’t bind well to heavy metals

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25
Q

Stage of lead toxicity where GI obstruction may occur from fibrosis

A

Stage 4: 2-6w

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27
Q

Stage of iron toxicity where animal appears normal

A

Stage 2: 6-24h

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28
Q

This toxin is used to control coyotes preying on sheep and goats

A

Flouroacetate

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28
Q

Most toxic route of metaldehyde?

Most common route of metaldehyde?

A

Inhalation

Ingestion

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29
Q

Zinc phosphide toxicity looks similar to what two other toxins?

A

Aluminum phoshide

Magnesium phosphide

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30
Q

Species most sensitive to metaldehyde?

Species most commonly poisoned with metaldehyde?

A

Cats

Dogs

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31
Q

What is normal serum osmolality compared to EG serum osmolality?

A

Normal = 280-310

EG = as high as 450

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32
Q

Clinical onset of flouroacetate?

A

30m-4h

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32
Q

MOA of EG?

A

Direct GI irritation

Increased serum osmolality

CNS depression

34
Q

What is absorbed ferrous iron oxidized to?

A

Ferric

35
Q

What are some sources of PG?

A

Diazepam

Semi-moist pet foods

Treatment of bovine ketosis

Tobacco products

36
Q

Onset of strychnine?

A

Rapid: 10m-2h

36
Q

T/F: Serum transferrin concentrations greatly exceed incoming iron

A

True

36
Q

MOA of EG toxic metabolites?

A

Mainly cause metabolic acidosis and acute renal failure

38
Q

T/F: Vomiting increases Strychnine toxicity

A

False

39
Q

Best treatment for zinc phosphide toxicity?

A

Antacids-> raises pH over 4!

Oxygen- in ALL cases

41
Q

How does Fomepizole differ from ethanol in the treatment of EG?

A

Doesnt cause CNS depression, diuresis, hyperosmolality

Faster recovery

42
Q

What dietary ingredients decrease zinc absorption?

A

Ca

Cu

Fe

Phytate

Fiber

43
Q

Why are hedgehogs in the UK endangered?

A

Metaldehyde

44
Q

What are the early signs of EG toxicosis and how long do they last?

A

Systemic acidosis

Basically drunk

Cats are depressed but dont show PD

30min-12h PI

46
Q

Stage or iron toxicity with nausea, V/D, GI hemorrhage

A

Stage 1: 0-6h

48
Q

T/F: Metaldehyde predisposes dogs to have future seizures

A

False

49
Q

Clinical signs of strychnine toxicity?

A

Muscle spasms

extensor rigidity

tonic seizures

sardonic grin

respiratory failure->death

51
Q

MOA of flouroacetate?

A

Competes with citrate in TCA cycle for aconitase

->-> citrate toxicity

Decreases cellular respiration

52
Q

What anion gaps is associated with EG?

A

>40-50mEq/L

54
Q

What pH echances zinc phosphide toxicity?

A

Acidic- gastric acid

56
Q

What treatment should be avoided with Strychnine toxicity?

A

Bicarbonate

Antacids

Opioids

Phenothiazines

NM blockers

Dissociative anesthetics

57
Q

A trace element tube should be used to analyze this suspected toxin?

A

Zinc

58
Q

Why is inducing emesis for zinc phosphide up for debate?

A

Corrosive

BUT vomiting/alkalinity decreases toxicity

59
Q

At what pH does zinc phosphide liberate phosphine gas?

A

pH 4 or lower

60
Q

Chelting agents for iron

A

Deferoxamine- for severe toxicosis w/i 12h

causes red/brown urine

pulmonary toxicity may occur

do for 2-3d

61
Q

What metabolized form of EG binds to calcium to form calcium oxalate crystals (monohydrate)

A

Oxalic acid

62
Q

Lesions seen with oral iron

A

GI ulcers

hemorrhagic enteritis

Congestion

63
Q

Effects of lead toxicity?

A

Anemia

Increased nRBCs

Basophilic stippling

CNS excitement

Flourescence of plasma porphyrins

64
Q

What characteristics of the product zinc phosphide can help you identify it?

A

Grey-black powder

Acetylene, garlic, dead fish odor

65
Q

What does zinc bind to?

A

Albumin- 2/3

B2-macroglobulin- 1/3

66
Q

Silver-nitrate paper and drager detector tubes allow for rapid testing for this toxin

A

Zinc phosphide

67
Q

MOA of zinc toxicity?

A

Injure RBCs, liver, kidney, pancreas

68
Q

Specimens for this toxin shoud be placed in an airtight container and frozen ASAP

A

Zinc phosphide

69
Q

Shake and bake toxin

A

Metaldehyde (neurotoxicosis, hyperthermia)

70
Q

T/F: only the soluble form or iron is toxic

A

False- insoluble and soluble are toxic

71
Q

T/F: Food delays the absorption of EG

A

True

73
Q

What tissues does zinc phosphide injury the most?

A

Those with high oxygen demands (brain, heart)

kidney, liver

High phosphine content organs (lungs)

75
Q

Prognosis of strychnine?

A

Good if less than 72h

75
Q

Lead competes with what ion in the body, affecting membrane movement?

A

Calcium

76
Q

What color is the trace elements tube?

A

Dark blue top

77
Q

Which EG metabolite mainly causes metabolic acidosis?

A

Glycolic acid

78
Q

Lesions of zinc toxicity?

A

Gastritis/ulcer

Liver damage

Renal tubular casts

Pancreatitis

79
Q

T/F: Organic iron is less irritant that inorganic

A

True

80
Q

Stage or iron toxicity with the most severe clinical signs

A

Stage 3: 12-96h

V/D, GI hemorrhage, met. acidosis, coag disorders, hepatic failure, cardio collapse

82
Q

Toxins on this test that cross the BBB?

A

Strychnine

Metaldehyde/Acetaldehyde

Lead

EG

84
Q

MOA of strychnine?

A

Blocks glycine in SC

86
Q

Lead chelators?

A

Calcium disodium EDTA

Dimercaptosuccinic acid- better than D-penicillamine

Dimercaprol- cross BBB-> more excretion, avoid w/ liver/kidney disease. IM-painful

D-penicillamine- oral, often given after EDTA

87
Q

Clinical signs of zinc toxicity?

A

GI- V/D, pica, anorexia, pain

Hematologic- anemia, icterus, hemoglobinuria

Renal- azotemia, hyperphosphatemia

89
Q

Are young or old animals more sensitive than adults?

A

Young

90
Q

How soon after ingestion of EG should you use activated charcoal?

A

Within 4 hours of ingestion

91
Q

Why are signs of hypocalcemia usually not seen?

A

Because when the patient is acidotic, there is more calcium available

93
Q

Where does iron accumulate?

A

Liver->

systemic acidosis and shock

94
Q

Onset of zinc phosphide toxicity?

A

Minutes to hours

95
Q

Rate limiting factor or iron absorption?

A

Carrier dependent absorption in SI

96
Q

Most common source of lead toxicosis?

A

Lead-based paints

97
Q

Chelating agents for zinc?

A

Calcium disodium EDTA

D-penicillamine

98
Q

What enzyme oxidizes EG to glycoaldehyde?

A

Alcohol dehydrogenase

99
Q

What can be used to for chemical analysis of EG toxicosis?

A

Blood

Urine

Renal tissue

100
Q

What compounds increase zinc toxicity?

A

AAs

Peptides

EDTA

101
Q

Most commonly used lead chelating agent? Primary concern?

A

Calcium disodium EDTA

Renal injury (5days on, 5 days off, etc)

102
Q

T/F: Non-ruminants absorb lead more readily

A

True

103
Q

Prognosis of zinc phosphide toxicity?

A

No signs within 24h-> good

Severe signs-> guarded/poor

Check liver values in liver/kidney values

105
Q

Characteristic lesion of parental preparations

A

Yellow-brown discoloration at injection site and lymph nodes

106
Q

What drugs reduce the toxicity of metaldehyde?

A

Enzyme inducers

107
Q

Antemortem specimen of choice for lead?

A

Whole blood

108
Q

Prognosis of lead tox?

A

Guarded- better if early

109
Q

Toxins on this test that undergo enterohepatic recirculation?

A

Strychnine

Metaldehyde

110
Q

What is the significance of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals?

A

Acute renal failure

111
Q

These compounds bind with lead to form lead sulfate-> decreasing absorption

A

Sulfate cathartics

Lead cathartics

Tox (5 decks)

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