Test 2 section 2 Flashcards
Grieft that helps accept the reality of death
Revealed in positive memories and seeing some good from the death
adaptive grief
prolonged grief disorder
Denial od the loss for longer than 6 months
Dysfunctional Grief
are the written documents of those wishes and the designated spokesperson
advanced directives
is a process that involves having patients think through, talk about, and document their values and goals for treatment
advance care planning
patients and families have the right to decide whether CPR will be used
resuscitation
is the deliberate act of hastening death
Euthanasia
The effort required to expand and contract the lungs
Work of breathing
Chemical produced in the lungs to maintain the surface tension of the alveoli and keep them form collapsing
surfactant
collapse of the alveoli that prevents the normal exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
atelectasis
the process of moving gases into and out of the lungs
ventilation
exchange go respiratory gases in the alveoli and capillaries
Diffusion
the ability of the cardiovascular system to pump oxygenated blood to the tissues and return deoxygenated blood to the lungs
perfusion
ventilation in excess of that required to eliminate carbon dioxide produced by cellular metabolism
hyperventilation
alveolar ventilation inadequate to meet the body oxygen demand or to eliminate sufficient carbon dioxide
hypoventilation
inadequate tissue oxygenation at the cellular level
hypoxia
blue discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes
cyanosis
chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways
asthma
a type of COPD involving permanent damage to the alveoli in the lungs
Irreversible
Emphysema
the inability to cope with perceived demands or threats to ones mental,emotional,and spiritual well-being
stress
resourcefulness,flexible, and having good problem-solving skills
resilience
courage and motivation to turn potential disaster into opportunities for personal growth
Hardiness
helps prevent disease and prolonged life
attitude
helps avoid illness and increases speed of recovery
optimism
contains the reticular activating system to send alertness impulses to limbic system and cerebral cortex
reticular formation
Central to connection between nervous and endocrine systems
Regulates the function of sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system
hypothalamus
stimulates adrenal medulla to release epinephrine and norepinephrine
Flight or fight response
sympathetic nervous response
increase cardiac output, blood glucose levels, oxygen consumption, and metabolic rate
corticosteroids
interdisciplinary science involving the interactions among psychological, neurological, and immune responses
psychoneuroimmunology
a persons cognitive and behavioral efforts to manage specific external or internal stressors that seem to exceed available resources
coping
risk factors for infants, toddlers, school aged
lead
choking
risk factors for adolescents
automobile accidents
substance abuse
risk factors for school aged child
outdoor activities
risk factors for adults
lifestyle
Ex. smoking, drinking, hazardous work
are physical or chemical devices to restrict a patients movement
restraints
track a variety of evidence-based, scientifically-researched standards of care which have been shown to result in improved clinical outcomes for patients
core measures
unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage
pain
physiological process that communicates tissue damage to the CNS
nociception
noxious stimuli causes cell damage with the release of sensitizing chemicals
These substances activate nociceptors and lead to generation of action potential
transduction
Action potential continues from
Site of injury to spinal cord
Spinal cord to brainstem and thalamus
Thalamus to cortex for processing
Transmission
conscious experience of pain
perception
neurons originating in the brainstem descend to the spinal cord and release substance that inhibits nociceptive impulses
modulation
send sharp, localized, distinct sensation
fast myelinated A-delta fibers
send poorly localized, burning, persistent pain
slow, small, unmyelinated C fibers
superficial or deep
Localized
Arises from bone, joint, muscle, skin, or connective tissue
somatic pain
Tumor involvement or obstruction
Arises from internal organs such as the intestine and bladder
Visceral pain
Sudden onset
Less than 3 months
Mild to sever
acute pain
Persistent pain
Gradual or sudden onset
Longer than 3 months
Cause may be unknown
chronic pain
3 categories of medications for pain
Nonopiod
opioid
Adjuvant
increasing dose above upper limits produces no greater analgesia
analgesic ceiling
potent, no analgesic ceiling, and have several routes for administration
Often combined with nonopiod analgesic for relief of moderate pain
Pure agonists
Less respiratory depression
Have an analgesic ceiling
CAn precipitate withdrawal
Mixed agonists-antagonists
common side effects of opioids
Constipation N/V Sedation Respiratory depression Pruritus
Dose adjustment based on assessment of analgesic effect versus side effects
Use the smallest dose to provide effective pain control with fewest side effects
Titration
Dose of one analgesic that is approximately equivalent in pain-releveing effects compared with another analgesic
Helps guide dosing when changing routes or when a drug is ineffective or causes intolerable side effects
equianalgesic dosing
route of choice with functioning GI tract
Oral
Delivery to vascular mucosa, avoiding first-pass effect
Intranasal
Useful in case of severe nausea or vomiting
rectal
For ever pain unresponsive to other therapy
Destroy nerves to stop transmission
Neuroablative
Electrical stimulation of brain and spinal cord
Commonly used of chronic back pain
Neuroaugmentation
3 types of cognitive therapies
Distraction
Hypnosis
Relaxation
occurs when patients exhibit behaviors commonly associated with addiction, but the behaviors resolve with adequate of the patients pain
pseudoaddiction
