test 2 review prep Flashcards
where does glycolysis take place?
in the cytoplasm
where does the citric acid cycle take place?
in the mitochondrial matrix
where does electron transport chain(ETC) take place?
in the inner membrane (cristae) of the mitochondria
what is the product of glycolysis?
pyruvate
what is the product of the citric acid cycle?
6 NADH, 4 CO2, 2 ATP, 2 FADH2
what is the product of electric transport chain?
32 ATP
does glycolysis occur w or w/o oxygen
both; if w/o oxygen pyruvic acid is converted into lactic acid and is made and stored in the muscles causing cramps
does citric acid cycle occur w or w/o oxygen?
with oxygen
does ETC occur w or w/o oxygen
w oxygen
what is the final acceptor of ETC?
oxygen
cyanosis is what color and means what
blue; low oxygenation of hemoglobin`
pallor is what color and means what
blanching/pale; anemia, low blood pressure, fear, anger
erythema is what color and means what?
redness; Fever, hypertension, inflammation, allergy
jaundice is what color and means what
yellow; liver disorder
_______ causes the _______ hue of fair skin and is due because of ________levels of ______
Hemoglobin, pinkish, lower, melanin
_____ is the only _____ made in skin and is made by ____________ that have melanin packaged into ________________
melanin, pigment, melanocytes, melanosomes
______ is a ________ or __________ pigment that is most obv in our hands and feet and can be converted into vit ___ and accumulates in stratum _______ and the _____ tissue of hypodermis
carotene, yellow, orange, hands, feet, A, corneum, fatty
name both layers of skin and the layer that is not apart of the skin layers
epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
name all 5 layers of epidermis
stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum
how many layers in hands and feet
5
how many layers everywhere else (exc. hands/feet) and what layer don’t they have
stratum lucidum
melanin provides _____ protection
UV
the cells that are in skin are
dendritic cells, melanocytes, tactile cells, kertinocytes, stem cells
name of membrane for skin
cutaneous membrane
name for the only dry membrane
cutaneous membrane
name both serous membranes
parietal and visceral membranes
serous membranes in heart
parietal pericardium and visceral pericardium
serous membranes in lungs
parietal pleura and visceral pleura
serous membranes in abdominopelvic cavity
parietal peritoneum and visceral peritoneum
__________ membranes line body cavities that are open to the ________.
mucous, exterior
the epidermis is __________ ____________ ___________ epithelium
Keratinized stratified squamous
the _________ is attached to a thick layer of _____________ tissue
dermis, connective
Location: Kidney glomeruli;
air sacs of lungs; lining of heart,
blood vessels, and lymphatic
vessels; lining of ventral body
cavity (serosae).
non-ciliated simple squamous ET
Kidney tubules;
ducts and secretory portions
of small glands; ovary surface,
bronchioles
non-ciliated simple cuboidal ET
Nonciliated type lines
most of the digestive tract (stomach
to large intestine),
ciliated variety
lines small bronchi, uterine tubes
non-ciliated simple columnar ET
ciliated
variety lines the trachea, bronchi
most of upper respiratory tract =
nasal cavity
ciliated pseudostratified columnar ET
Nonkeratinized type forms
the moist linings of the esophagus,
mouth, tongue, pharynx, vagina and anus;
keratinized variety
forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry
membrane
non-ciliated stratified squamous ET
Lines the ureters,
Urinary bladder, part of the urethra
transitional
cells with cilia can be found in the _________ tract, ____________ system
respiratory, reproductive
cells w microvilli can be found in the ____________, neurons, ________ tubules, ________ cells and lymphocytes.
intestines, kidney, dendritic
name the 2 types of sweat glands
eccrine and apocrine
apocrine sg can be found in the
axillary and inguinal
eccrine sg are on the _______ and they produce ______ due to _________ in body temp
surface, sweat, elevations
composition of sweat is 99% _____, ______, vit ___, _____bodies, and wastes
water, salts, C, antibodies
sebaceous glands are ____ glands
oil
____________ glands line external ear and create earwax which is also known as ______
ceruminous, cerumen
mammary glands secrete ______
milk
some characteristics of the epidermis:
it’s avascular,, superficial thinner region, keratinized stratified squamous ET, has polarity, cells are stuck tg by desmosomes
skin is the
first line of defense; loose connective tissue
layers of dermis and what its made of
papillary and reticular; dense irregular
name the fibers
collagen, reticular, elastic
cell cycle in order
G1, S, G2
______ is the longest in the cell cycle
interphase
what happens in G1
cell growth
what happens in S
DNA replication
what happens in G2
prep for mitosis (cell division)
name types of mitosis
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
telophase is the division of the _______
nucleus
cytokinesis is the splitting of the __________
cytoplasm
3 consecutive nucleotides are called a ______
triplet
3 consecutive mRNA are called a _______
codon
3 consecutive tRNA are called an __________
anticodon
1st degree burn layers/ observations
epidermis; redness, edema, pain
2nd degree burn layers/ observations
epidermis and dermis; redness edema pain and blistering
3rd degree burn layers/ obervations
epidermis, dermis, hypodermis; edema redness no pain
4th deg burn layers/ observations
epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, and all underlying muscle, tissue, or fat; no pain w blackness
threadlike DNA is
chromatin
duplicated chromosome is
chromatid
condensed chromatin is
chromosome
centromere does what
bonds 2 chromatids tg
mitosis occurs in which epidermal layer
stratum basale
cells push up in which epidermal layer
stratum spinosum
cells become waxy in which epidermal layer
stratum granulosum
keratinocytes are secreting
keratin
anything above the granulosum is considered
dead
Substrate-level phosphorylation is when ______ energy phosphate groups are directly transferred from phosphorylated substrates to ___
high, ADP
Oxidative phosphorylation produces the
most ADP
skin cancer thats easiset to get rid of
basal cell carcinoma
skin cancer resistant to chemotherapy
squamous cell carcinoma
skin cancer that is the worst
malignant melanoma
embryotic skeleton starts out as what
cartilage
cartilage at the ends of long bones
hyaline cartilage
growing bones have what to characterize themselves
epiphyseal plates
epiphyseal plates that ossify are called
epiphyseal line
hyperplasia is ______ growth that ______ cell numbers when needed
accelerated, increases
cartilages have _______________ that are in lacunae
chondrocytes
specialized cell in bone
osteocytes
bone is made of ________ phosphate
calcium
white fat
fat that provides long term energy
brown fat produces
heat for our bodies
glycogenesis creates __________ from ______
glycogen, carbs
gluconeogenesis creates _________ from __________ sources
glucose, non-carb
Glycogenolysis is the process of breaking down _________ into _________ to produce ___________
glycogen, glucose, energy
muscle is a
tissue
transcription occurs in the ________ , is _RNA, and it makes ____ of _____
nucleus, mRNA, copies, DNA
cells in digestive tract have _____ junction
tight
cells in epithelial tissue have
desmosomes
smooth muscle is (vol/invol)
involuntary
3 stop codons are
UAG, UGA, UAA
translation occurs in the ______, is _RNA, and it takes an ______ acid to the ___________
cytoplasm, tRNA, ribosome
skeletal muscle is _______ and is ___________
voluntary, striated
cardiac muscle is ___________ and is __________
involuntary, striated
like cells that come together make
tissues
when like tissues come together they make
organs
spindle apparatus is made of ______ and pulls sister chromatids tg during _____ and apart during _____
microtubules, metaphase, anaphase
organs come tg to make
organ systems
organ systems come tg to make
organismals
no oxygen in cellular resp. is called
anaerobic resp
keratinocytes are found
in the epidermis
hypodermis/ subcutaneous layer (is/ is not) a part of the skin, and is mainly made up of __________ tissue
is not/ adipose tissue
if oxygen is present in cellular respiration it is called
aerobic respiration
chondrocytes are w/i
cartilage tissue
adipocytes are w/i
fat layers
melanocytes are found w/i
skin, eyes, ears, brain, heart
osteocytes w/i
bones
job of hair root
provide nutrients and blood supply to hair
blasts are
immature cells
hydrolysis is going from something ____ to something _____
big, small
merocrine
releases secretions via exocytosis
vellus body hair is Pale, _____ body hair found on ______ and women
fine, children
cytes are
mature cells
dense ct is
poorly vascularized
holocrine
cell ruptures
cartilage is (vascular, avascular)
avascular
loose ct, bone, and adipose are
highly vascularized
