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A&P Test 2 > test 2 review prep > Flashcards

test 2 review prep Flashcards

1
Q

where does glycolysis take place?

A

in the cytoplasm

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2
Q

where does the citric acid cycle take place?

A

in the mitochondrial matrix

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3
Q

where does electron transport chain(ETC) take place?

A

in the inner membrane (cristae) of the mitochondria

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4
Q

what is the product of glycolysis?

A

pyruvate

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5
Q

what is the product of the citric acid cycle?

A

6 NADH, 4 CO2, 2 ATP, 2 FADH2

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6
Q

what is the product of electric transport chain?

A

32 ATP

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7
Q

does glycolysis occur w or w/o oxygen

A

both; if w/o oxygen pyruvic acid is converted into lactic acid and is made and stored in the muscles causing cramps

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8
Q

does citric acid cycle occur w or w/o oxygen?

A

with oxygen

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9
Q

does ETC occur w or w/o oxygen

A

w oxygen

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10
Q

what is the final acceptor of ETC?

A

oxygen

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11
Q

cyanosis is what color and means what

A

blue; low oxygenation of hemoglobin`

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12
Q

pallor is what color and means what

A

blanching/pale; anemia, low blood pressure, fear, anger

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13
Q

erythema is what color and means what?

A

redness; Fever, hypertension, inflammation, allergy

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14
Q

jaundice is what color and means what

A

yellow; liver disorder

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15
Q

_______ causes the _______ hue of fair skin and is due because of ________levels of ______

A

Hemoglobin, pinkish, lower, melanin

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16
Q

_____ is the only _____ made in skin and is made by ____________ that have melanin packaged into ________________

A

melanin, pigment, melanocytes, melanosomes

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17
Q

______ is a ________ or __________ pigment that is most obv in our hands and feet and can be converted into vit ___ and accumulates in stratum _______ and the _____ tissue of hypodermis

A

carotene, yellow, orange, hands, feet, A, corneum, fatty

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18
Q

name both layers of skin and the layer that is not apart of the skin layers

A

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

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19
Q

name all 5 layers of epidermis

A

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

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20
Q

how many layers in hands and feet

A

5

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21
Q

how many layers everywhere else (exc. hands/feet) and what layer don’t they have

A

stratum lucidum

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22
Q

melanin provides _____ protection

A

UV

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23
Q

the cells that are in skin are

A

dendritic cells, melanocytes, tactile cells, kertinocytes, stem cells

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24
Q

name of membrane for skin

A

cutaneous membrane

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25
Q

name for the only dry membrane

A

cutaneous membrane

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26
Q

name both serous membranes

A

parietal and visceral membranes

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27
Q

serous membranes in heart

A

parietal pericardium and visceral pericardium

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28
Q

serous membranes in lungs

A

parietal pleura and visceral pleura

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29
Q

serous membranes in abdominopelvic cavity

A

parietal peritoneum and visceral peritoneum

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30
Q

__________ membranes line body cavities that are open to the ________.

A

mucous, exterior

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31
Q

the epidermis is __________ ____________ ___________ epithelium

A

Keratinized stratified squamous

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32
Q

the _________ is attached to a thick layer of _____________ tissue

A

dermis, connective

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33
Q

Location: Kidney glomeruli;
air sacs of lungs; lining of heart,
blood vessels, and lymphatic
vessels; lining of ventral body
cavity (serosae).

A

non-ciliated simple squamous ET

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34
Q

Kidney tubules;
ducts and secretory portions
of small glands; ovary surface,
bronchioles

A

non-ciliated simple cuboidal ET

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35
Q

Nonciliated type lines
most of the digestive tract (stomach
to large intestine),
ciliated variety
lines small bronchi, uterine tubes

A

non-ciliated simple columnar ET

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36
Q

ciliated
variety lines the trachea, bronchi
most of upper respiratory tract =
nasal cavity

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar ET

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37
Q

Nonkeratinized type forms
the moist linings of the esophagus,
mouth, tongue, pharynx, vagina and anus;
keratinized variety
forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry
membrane

A

non-ciliated stratified squamous ET

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38
Q

Lines the ureters,
Urinary bladder, part of the urethra

A

transitional

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39
Q

cells with cilia can be found in the _________ tract, ____________ system

A

respiratory, reproductive

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40
Q

cells w microvilli can be found in the ____________, neurons, ________ tubules, ________ cells and lymphocytes.

A

intestines, kidney, dendritic

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41
Q

name the 2 types of sweat glands

A

eccrine and apocrine

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42
Q

apocrine sg can be found in the

A

axillary and inguinal

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43
Q

eccrine sg are on the _______ and they produce ______ due to _________ in body temp

A

surface, sweat, elevations

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44
Q

composition of sweat is 99% _____, ______, vit ___, _____bodies, and wastes

A

water, salts, C, antibodies

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45
Q

sebaceous glands are ____ glands

A

oil

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46
Q

____________ glands line external ear and create earwax which is also known as ______

A

ceruminous, cerumen

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47
Q

mammary glands secrete ______

A

milk

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48
Q

some characteristics of the epidermis:

A

it’s avascular,, superficial thinner region, keratinized stratified squamous ET, has polarity, cells are stuck tg by desmosomes

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49
Q

skin is the

A

first line of defense; loose connective tissue

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50
Q

layers of dermis and what its made of

A

papillary and reticular; dense irregular

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51
Q

name the fibers

A

collagen, reticular, elastic

52
Q

cell cycle in order

A

G1, S, G2

53
Q

______ is the longest in the cell cycle

A

interphase

54
Q

what happens in G1

A

cell growth

55
Q

what happens in S

A

DNA replication

56
Q

what happens in G2

A

prep for mitosis (cell division)

57
Q

name types of mitosis

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

58
Q

telophase is the division of the _______

A

nucleus

59
Q

cytokinesis is the splitting of the __________

A

cytoplasm

60
Q

3 consecutive nucleotides are called a ______

A

triplet

61
Q

3 consecutive mRNA are called a _______

A

codon

62
Q

3 consecutive tRNA are called an __________

A

anticodon

63
Q

1st degree burn layers/ observations

A

epidermis; redness, edema, pain

64
Q

2nd degree burn layers/ observations

A

epidermis and dermis; redness edema pain and blistering

65
Q

3rd degree burn layers/ obervations

A

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis; edema redness no pain

66
Q

4th deg burn layers/ observations

A

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, and all underlying muscle, tissue, or fat; no pain w blackness

67
Q

threadlike DNA is

A

chromatin

67
Q

duplicated chromosome is

A

chromatid

68
Q

condensed chromatin is

A

chromosome

69
Q

centromere does what

A

bonds 2 chromatids tg

70
Q

mitosis occurs in which epidermal layer

A

stratum basale

71
Q

cells push up in which epidermal layer

A

stratum spinosum

72
Q

cells become waxy in which epidermal layer

A

stratum granulosum

73
Q

keratinocytes are secreting

A

keratin

74
Q

anything above the granulosum is considered

A

dead

75
Q

Substrate-level phosphorylation is when ______ energy phosphate groups are directly transferred from phosphorylated substrates to ___

A

high, ADP

76
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation produces the

A

most ADP

77
Q

skin cancer thats easiset to get rid of

A

basal cell carcinoma

78
Q

skin cancer resistant to chemotherapy

A

squamous cell carcinoma

79
Q

skin cancer that is the worst

A

malignant melanoma

80
Q

embryotic skeleton starts out as what

A

cartilage

81
Q

cartilage at the ends of long bones

A

hyaline cartilage

82
Q

growing bones have what to characterize themselves

A

epiphyseal plates

83
Q

epiphyseal plates that ossify are called

A

epiphyseal line

84
Q

hyperplasia is ______ growth that ______ cell numbers when needed

A

accelerated, increases

85
Q

cartilages have _______________ that are in lacunae

A

chondrocytes

86
Q

specialized cell in bone

A

osteocytes

87
Q

bone is made of ________ phosphate

A

calcium

88
Q

white fat

A

fat that provides long term energy

89
Q

brown fat produces

A

heat for our bodies

90
Q

glycogenesis creates __________ from ______

A

glycogen, carbs

91
Q

gluconeogenesis creates _________ from __________ sources

A

glucose, non-carb

92
Q

Glycogenolysis is the process of breaking down _________ into _________ to produce ___________

A

glycogen, glucose, energy

93
Q

muscle is a

A

tissue

93
Q

transcription occurs in the ________ , is _RNA, and it makes ____ of _____

A

nucleus, mRNA, copies, DNA

93
Q

cells in digestive tract have _____ junction

A

tight

94
Q

cells in epithelial tissue have

A

desmosomes

95
Q

smooth muscle is (vol/invol)

A

involuntary

95
Q

3 stop codons are

A

UAG, UGA, UAA

95
Q

translation occurs in the ______, is _RNA, and it takes an ______ acid to the ___________

A

cytoplasm, tRNA, ribosome

96
Q

skeletal muscle is _______ and is ___________

A

voluntary, striated

96
Q

cardiac muscle is ___________ and is __________

A

involuntary, striated

96
Q

like cells that come together make

A

tissues

97
Q

when like tissues come together they make

A

organs

97
Q

spindle apparatus is made of ______ and pulls sister chromatids tg during _____ and apart during _____

A

microtubules, metaphase, anaphase

97
Q

organs come tg to make

A

organ systems

98
Q

organ systems come tg to make

A

organismals

98
Q

no oxygen in cellular resp. is called

A

anaerobic resp

99
Q

keratinocytes are found

A

in the epidermis

99
Q

hypodermis/ subcutaneous layer (is/ is not) a part of the skin, and is mainly made up of __________ tissue

A

is not/ adipose tissue

99
Q

if oxygen is present in cellular respiration it is called

A

aerobic respiration

100
Q

chondrocytes are w/i

A

cartilage tissue

100
Q

adipocytes are w/i

A

fat layers

101
Q

melanocytes are found w/i

A

skin, eyes, ears, brain, heart

101
Q

osteocytes w/i

A

bones

102
Q

job of hair root

A

provide nutrients and blood supply to hair

103
Q

blasts are

A

immature cells

103
Q

hydrolysis is going from something ____ to something _____

A

big, small

103
Q

merocrine

A

releases secretions via exocytosis

103
Q

vellus body hair is Pale, _____ body hair found on ______ and women

A

fine, children

104
Q

cytes are

A

mature cells

104
Q

dense ct is

A

poorly vascularized

104
Q

holocrine

A

cell ruptures

104
Q

cartilage is (vascular, avascular)

A

avascular

104
Q

loose ct, bone, and adipose are

A

highly vascularized

A&P Test 2 (6 decks)

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