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A&P Test 2 > ch. 4 terms > Flashcards

ch. 4 terms Flashcards

1
Q

name the 4 basic tissue types (E.C.M.N)

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

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2
Q

Epithelial Tissue ______ surfaces, lines lumens of cavities, forms glands

A

covers

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3
Q

connective tissues bind _____ together, form a ______ , support ______ and the body as a whole, store _____, transport ______, protect against ______, and help repair tissue ______

A

structures, framwork, organs, fat, substances, disease, damage

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4
Q

muscle tissues aid in the ________ of the body

A

movement

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5
Q

nervous tissue _______ muscle _____, creates an awareness of the _____, and plays a major role in ______, memory, and reasoning

A

controls, contractions, environment, emotions

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6
Q

two forms of epithelial tissue are covering, _____ and glandular epithelia

A

lining

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7
Q

covering epithelia is located ______ whereas lining epithelia is located ______

A

externally, internally

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8
Q

glandular epithelia is the _______ tissue in glands such as salivary glands

A

secretory

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9
Q

the main functions of epithelia are: ________, absorption, filtration, _______, secretion, and sensory reception

A

protection, excretion

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10
Q

The ______ surface of ET cells is the upper free side that is exposed to external surface or _____ of cavity

A

apical, lumen

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11
Q

Most apical surfaces are smooth, but some have fingerlike
projections called _______ or cilia

A

microvilli

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12
Q

______ surface is the lower side that faces _______ TOWARD the body

A

basal, inward

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13
Q

_______ lamina is the cell part of basement membrane made of chemicals like ________ that hold basal surface of epithelial cells to underlying cells of CT

A

basal, glycoproteins

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14
Q

________ lamina consists of a network of fine collagen fibers produced by the underlying areolar CT

A

reticular

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15
Q

basement membranes consist of _______ and collagen fibers

A

chemicals

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16
Q

ET is _______ meaning that there are no ________ ________ and ET must be nourished by diffusion of nutrients

A

avascular, blood vessels

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17
Q

Epithelial Tissues have high _________ capacities

A

regenerative

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18
Q

ET is exposed to ______ and caustic substances that results in
_____ _______

A

friction, cell damage

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19
Q

epithelial tissue is classified by the _______ of layers and ______ of cells

A

number, shape

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20
Q

terms for the numbers of layers in ET

A

simple and stratified

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21
Q

terms for the types of shapes of cells in ET

A

squamous, cuboidal, columnar

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22
Q

simple epithelia have how many layers

A

1

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23
Q

stratified epithelia have how many layers

A

2 or more

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24
Q

_______ epithelia is found where absorption, filtration, secretion occur

A

simple

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25
Q

________ epithelia found where there is high abrasion and protection is needed

A

Stratified (vagina, anus, esophagus, oral cavity)

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26
Q

squamous cells are flattened and _____

A

scale-like

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27
Q

Cuboidal cells are box-like or

A

cubed

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28
Q

Columnar cells are tall and look like ______

A

column

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29
Q

functions of simple epithelia are (A.F.S)

A

absorption, secretion, and filtration

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30
Q

simple squamous epithelium functions where ____ diffusion, _____ vessels, _____, ______ is priority and is located in the:

A

rapid, blood, lungs, and kidneys

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31
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium is Called ________when it lines the lymphatic and blood vessels and the heart chamber

A

endothelium

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32
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium is Called Mesothelium when it is found in the _______ _________

A

serous membranes

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33
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium are found in the:___, _____, glands, and bronchioles

A

kidneys, ovaries

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34
Q

simple columnar et have _____, cilia, and goblet cells

A

microvilli

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35
Q

some functions of Simple columnar epithelium are _____ of mucus, enzymes and other substances, and ______,

A

secretion, absorption

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36
Q

Nonciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium are located in the

A

stomach, intestines, and gallbladder

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37
Q

ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium are located in the small _____ and ____ tubes

A

bronchi, uterine

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38
Q

pseudo means

A

false

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39
Q

Functions of ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium are _____ and ____

A

secretion and movement

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40
Q

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium are located in the _____ tract

A

respiratory

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41
Q

stratified squamous epithelium is the most _______ of
stratified epithelia

A

widespread/abundant

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42
Q

Keratinized Stratified Squamous ET is located on the (dermis/epidermis)

A

epidermis (outer layer of the skin)

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43
Q

Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous ET are located in ______linings

A

moist

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44
Q

Transitional epithelium forms lining of hollow ______ (urinary/respiratory) organs

A

urinary

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45
Q

transitional epithelial cells have the ability to ______ shape

A

change

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46
Q

a gland can be one cell or a group of cells that _______ and _______ a particular secretion

A

makes, secretes

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47
Q

a gland is classified by where the _______ is released and the ______ of cells forming a gland

A

secretion, number

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48
Q

Endocrine glands secrete hormones ________ (internally/externally) & sweat _______ (internally/externally)

A

internally, externally

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49
Q

________ (unicellular/polycellular) glands are individual cells scattered within epithelial sheets

A

unicellular

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50
Q

__________ glands are ductless glands that secrete hormones into surrounding _________ fluid

A

endocrine, interstitial

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51
Q

________ glands have ducts or tubes and secrete their secretions onto the body surfaces

A

exocrine

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52
Q

Exocrine glands include (MSOS)
1. ______ glands
2. ______ glands
3. ____ glands
4. ______ glands secrete salvia
5. Liver secretes bile
6. Pancreas secretes digestive enzymes

A

mucous, sweat, oil, salivary

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53
Q

Multicellular Exocrine Glands are described functionally as _______, _______, apocrine glands (MHA)

A

merocrine, holocrine

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54
Q

Merocrine Glands secrete products by _______

A

exocytosis

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55
Q

Holocrine Gland accumulates products within the _____

A

cell

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56
Q

Apocrine glands are present in other ______

A

animals

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57
Q

types of connective tissue are
1. Connective Tissue ______
2. ______
3. ____
4. _____

A

proper, cartilage, bone, blood

58
Q

which tissue is the most abundant

A

connective

59
Q

major functions of CT are binding, supporting, protecting, insulating, storing, and ______

A

transporting

60
Q

Matrix ______ CT cells so CT cells can
1. Bear _____
2. Withstand ____
3. Endure ______

A

supports, weight, tension, abuse

61
Q

common features of all connective tissue are as follows:

the cell occupy _________ (less/more) space than matrix
the ______ (do/do not) touch
cells ______ (are/ are not) separated by the matrix

A

less, do not, are

62
Q

3 structural elements of CT are ground substance, fibers, and _____ (atoms/cells)

63
Q

do the ground substance, fibers, and cells vary depending on the CT? (y/n)

64
Q

Ground substance is the _______ (structured/ unstructured) gel-like material that fills space between cells and contains the fibers and with the fibers make up the ______ (extracellular/ intracellular) matrix

A

unstructured, extracellular

65
Q

__________ fluid, cell adhesion proteins, proteoglycans make up the ground substance

A

interstitial, substance

66
Q

name the 3 fibers in CT: (C.E.R)

A

collagen, elastic, and reticular

67
Q

_________ Fibers are the strongest and most abundant type

68
Q

Elastic fibers are networks of long, thin elastic ______ allow them the ability to ________

A

fibers, stretch

69
Q

________ Fibers are short, fine, highly branched _________ fibers
made up of the protein collagen

A

reticular, protein

70
Q

name the resident cells in CT: _______ blast cells and ______ cyte cells

A

Immature and Mature

71
Q

CT “Blast” cells are immature forms of cells that actively _____ ground substance and fibers while “Blast” Cells secrete ____

A

secrete, matrix

72
Q

other cells in connective tissue are fat cells, ______phages, mast cells, _____ (white/red) blood cells

A

macrophages, white

73
Q

main classes of CT are ______ tissue proper, ____, _____, and blood.

A

connective, bone, cartilage

74
Q

what are the 2 classes of connective tissue proper:

_____ (tight/loose) and ____ (shallow/dense) CT

A

loose, dense

75
Q

types of loose CT are (A.A.R.)

A

areolar, adipose, reticular

76
Q

_____ CT is the most widely distributed CT and it supports and binds other tissues and can be found in the ___ and nerves

A

areolar, blood vessels

77
Q

______ CT is in areolar CT _____ (below/above) the skin

A

adipose, below

78
Q

functions of white adipose are to support, _______, insulate, and reserve energy

78
Q

white fat is stored in ____cytes

A

adipocytes

78
Q

two types of adipose tissue are ____ and ____ fat

A

white/ brown

79
Q

Brown fat has abundant ________ and highly
vascularized

A

mitochondria

80
Q

location of adipose are the _______, eyeballs, breast, _________, hips, knee joints, and the sucutaneous layer of the skin

A

kidneys, abdomen

81
Q

Reticular CT consists of mostly the ______ (thinner/ thicker) reticular fibers

82
Q

dense regular is found in the ______, ligaments, and aponeuroses

82
Q

you can find reticular CT in the _______ nodes, spleen, thymus gland, and ______ (red/white) bone marrow

A

lymph, red

83
Q

dense regular CT has very ____ (High/low) tensile strength, can withstand _____ (High/low) tension and pulling forces,and has ____ (thin/thick) fibers that run _____ (parallel/ opposite) to the direction of pull

A

high, high, thick, parallel

84
Q

__________ CT contains fbers with protein elastin and are found in the walls of many large _______, ______ tubes, and _____ cords

A

elastic, arteries, bronchial, vocal

85
Q

_____ cartilage is the most abundant cartilage in the body

85
Q

hyaline is found in the tips of the ____, ends of long ____, larynx, rings of _____ and between _____ and sternum and embryonic skeleton

A

nose, bones, trachea, ribs

85
Q

the bundles of collogen in dense irregular CT are _____ (thicker, thinner) and are _______ (irregularly/ regularly) arranged

A

thicker, irregularly

85
Q

________ stands up to tension and compression, and is tough yet _______(thin/thick), with a ____ like matrix and is ____% (50/80) water packed with collagen and elastic fibers

A

cartilage, thin, gel, 80

86
Q

you can find dense irregular CT in the _____ (dermis/epidermis) fibrous _____ capsules, and the in coverings of ______ (kidneys/liver), bones, cartilages, muscles, and nerves

A

dermis, joint, kidneys

87
Q

Major cells in cartilage are called _______ (chondroblasts/chondrocytes) that secrete matrix
during adolescent growth

A

chondroblasts

87
Q

Chondrocytes that’re found in small groups within cavities are called _______(lacuna/lacunae)

87
Q

cartilage is what we called avascular meaning what?

A

no blood vessels

88
Q

______ (stretchy/elastic) cartilage is found in the ________ (trachea/epiglottis) and the auricle of the ears

A

elastic, epiglottis

88
Q

bone is also called the _____ tissue

88
Q

______ cartilage is similar to hyaline but w more elastic fibers

88
Q

__________ (fibrocartilage/cartilage) is compressible and resists tension and is found in the ______________ (vertebral/intervertebral) discs, pubic symphysis, and menisci of the _____ (arm/knee)

A

fibrocartilage, intervertebral, knee

89
Q

collagen fibers , calcium and phosphorus salts make up the ____ (bone/tissue) matrix

89
Q

________ (osteons/osteocytes) are individual structural units of compact bone

89
Q

_______ (osteoblasts/osteocytes) produce matrix

A

osteoblasts

90
Q

bone heals (faster/slower) than CT and contains (nerve/cell) fibers

A

faster, nerve

90
Q

_______ (osteoblasts/osteocytes) maintain the matrix and reside in (lacuna/lacunae)

A

osteocytes

91
Q

(blood/nerve) is the most atypical connective tissue because blood has a (fluid/gel) matrix

A

blood, fluid

92
Q

(bone/cartilage) makes _____ cells, supports, ________, has cartilage and inorganic calcium/phosphorus salts, and has the most rigid tissue

A

bone, blood, protects

93
Q

blood cells are _________cytes that transport gases, __________cytes that defend the body from pathogens, and _______ that clot blood

A

erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

93
Q

(red/white) blood cells are the most common cell type

94
Q

Fibers are in the form of soluble proteins called _________

95
Q

(muscle/nerve)Tissue is highly cellular, highly vascularized, and responsible for most types of movement

95
Q

Blood Functions in the Transport of
1. _______
2. _______
3. Gases
4. Other substances

A

nutrients, wastes

96
Q

____________ is made up of actin and myosin proteins

A

Myofilaments

97
Q

________ Muscle Tissue forms the flesh of our body and are considered ________ because contractions are under control

A

skeletal, voluntary

97
Q

Three types of muscle tissues
1. _____ muscle
2. _____ muscle
3. _____ muscle

A

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

98
Q

_______ muscle cells are called muscle fibers, and they contain multiple nuclei which is called _____nucleated per cell and appear ________ or banded

A

skeletal, multinucleated, striated

99
Q

________ (smooth/rough) Muscle Tissue is found mainly in walls of hollow organs except the _____ (heart/lungs) is under involuntary control, (has/has no) visible striations, they are spindle-shaped cells, and there is (one/four) nucleus per cell

A

smooth, heart, has no, one

99
Q

_______ muscle tissue is only found in wall of heart and is under _______, unconscious control

A

cardiac, involuntary

99
Q

_______ muscle tissue contains striations, and have _____ nucleus
and form many branches that join together at _________ (intertwined/intercalated) discs

A

cardiac, one, intercalated

100
Q

smooth muscle tissue is found in the ________, urinary and ______ tract, BV, and uterus

A

respiratory, digestive

100
Q

jobs of the smooth muscle tissue are to (M.M.C)

A

move, maintain, and control

101
Q

nervous tissue includes:
1. Brain
2. ______ Cord
3. ______ Nerves
4. ______ Nerves

A

spinal, cranial, spinal

102
Q

nervous tissue is found in the _____ and ______ nervous system

A

central, peripheral

103
Q

nervous tissue is made up of neurons and _________ cells

A

neuroglial

104
Q

the Nervous Tissue regulates and controls body metabolism by responding to ________ and transmitting electrical ______

A

stimuli, impulses

105
Q

Membranes are organs because they are composed of at least 2 primary tissue types
1. ________ Tissue
2. ________ tissue

A

epithelial, connective

105
Q

Cutaneous Membranes is the ____

106
Q

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium called the (epidermis/dermis)

107
Q

the cutaneous membranes are attached to a thick layer of connective tissue called the (epidermis/dermis)

108
Q

Mucous Membranes Line
1. ______ tract
2. ____________ tract
3. Urinary tract
4. Reproductive tract

A

digestive, respiratory

109
Q

Layer of Areola CT called _______ propria

110
Q

(serous, mucous) membranes or serosae line cavities that do not open to outside

110
Q

Lamina propria rest on a third layer of smooth muscle called _________ mucosae

A

muscularis

111
Q

Simple squamous epithelium is also called meso______

A

mesothelium

112
Q

Space between the parietal and visceral membrane is a (cavity/organ)

112
Q

In (regeneration/fibrosis), the same kind of tissue replaces destroyed tissue and the original function is restored

A

regeneration

113
Q

Tissues that regenerate extremely well
1. ______ tissues
2. _______ (bone/muscle)
3. Areolar connective tissue
4. Dense _______ (regular/irregular) connective tissue (skin)
5. Blood-forming tissue

A

epithelial, bone, irregular

113
Q

in (regeneration/fibrosis), connective tissue replaces destroyed tissue and original function is lost

114
Q

Tissues with moderate regenerating capacity
1. _____ muscle
2. Dense ______ (regular/irregular) connective tissue

A

smooth, regular

115
Q

Tissue with weak regenerating capacity
1. _______ muscle
2. Cartilage

115
Q

Tissues with virtually no functional regenerative capacity
1. ______ muscle
2. _______ tissue of brain and spinal cord

A

cardiac, nervous

A&P Test 2 (6 decks)

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