ch. 3B terms Flashcards
cell cycle consists of _____ and______ phase
interphase, miotic
cell cycle is a _____ of changes a ____ undergoes from the time it is formed until it _____
series, cell, reproduces
interphase is the ____ from cell ______ to cell ______, where the cell carries out its normal ______
period, formation, division, metabolism
the 3 parts of of interphase are _______, synthetic __________
gap 1, gap 2
in gap 1 there is vigorous ______ and _______ of a cell
growth, metabolism
cells that permanently cease dividing are said to be in _______
G0 phase
in synthetic DNA _____ occurs
replication
in gap 2 the cells continue preparation for ________
division
In DNA _________, the ______-stranded DNA helices unwind and “unzip”
replication, double
DNA polymerase is the ______ necessary to begin adding DNA nucleotides to complimentary bases
enzyme
name the 5 complementary bases: ATCGU
adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, uracil
complementary bases come from the _____________
nucleoplasm
DNA polymerase _______ strands at one time
synthesizes
the end result of DNA replication is _______ “daughter” DNA molecules which are formed from the ________ DNA strands
identical, original
replicated strands are connected by a ________
centromere
duplicated chromosomes and duplicated DNA is called a _________
sister chromatid
when one complete copy of DNA is given to each new
cell this is called _____ _____ division
cell miotic
________ muscle cells, _______ muscle cells, and ________ cells do not divide efficiently and eventually lose their ability to _______ and are replaced with ______ tissue
skeletal, cardiac, nerve, divide, scar
the _____ phase of cell cycle is a phase in which ______ consists of 2 distinct events
miotic, division
the 2 distinct events of the miotic phase are ______ and _______
mitosis, cytokinesis
the four stages of mitosis are _________, ___________, ________, and ________
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
in early prophase, the chromatin condenses forming visible chromosomes that _______
duplicate
the microtubules are also called the ________ spindle
miotic
In late prophase, the nuclear envelope breaks up, ________ attach to centromeres and pull chromosomes to the ________of the cell
microtubules, center
In ___________, centromeres of chromosomes align at the cell’s _______
metaphase, equator
an imaginary plane midway between poles is called ________ plate
metaphase
In _______, the shortest all phases, the chromatids are pulled apart
anaphase
________ begins during anaphase
cytokinesis
______ begins when movement stops
telophase
_________ begins during late anaphase and
continues through ________
cytokinesis, telophase
a gene is a segment of ____ molecules that code for the synthesis of a ________
DNA, protein
a genetic code is the specific order of 3 ______ bases of ____ that represents an ____ acid
nitrogen, mRNA, amino
3 nitrogen bases make up what is called a
codon
3 nucleotides on DNA are called a
triplet
3 nucleotides on tRNA called an
anticodon
_______ are part of a gene that codes for amino acids and exit the nucleus as ____
exons, DNA
introns are _______ segments interspersed amongst exons and they remain ______ the nucleus
noncoding, inside
_____ are the 3 nucleotides in a DNA triplet and a tRNA anticodon
GGC
_____ are the 3 nucleotides in a mRNA codon
CCG
RNA is the molecule that links DNA to ______
proteins
______ copies DNA code in the nucleus and then mRNA carries the _____ into the cytoplasm
mRNA, gene
name the 3 types of RNA
tRNA, mRNA, rRNA
_________ RNA (mRNA) is a ______ stranded nucleotide
that copies genetic code
messenger, single
_________ occurs in the nucleus and is the copying of the gene off of DNA into a ______ strand of mRNA
transcription, single
_______ RNA is the structural component of ribosomes and the site of ______ synthesis
ribosomal, protein
_______ RNA is a carrier RNA for a specific
amino acid
transfer
________ occurs in the cytoplasm and is the process where _______ of tRNA pairs with codon of mRNA
translation, anticodon
name the 3 phases of transcription:
initiation, elongation, termination
in initiation, RNA polymerase _____ DNA strands
separates
in elongation, RNA polymerase adds complementary _______ to
growing mRNA
nucleotides
in termination, RNA polymerase _______ stops when RNA polymerase reaches special termination signal ______
transcription, code
new mRNA is called ____-________
pre-mRNA
translation involves _RNA, _RNA, _RNA, ______ code, translating ______, and occasionally the rough ER
t, m, r, genetic, events
The genetic code contains ____ codons for only _____ amino acids
64, 20
sequence for the only start codon is ____
AUG (methionine)
sequence for the 3 stop codons are ___, ___, ___
UGA, UAG, UAA
Ribosomes have 3 binding sites for tRNA which are __, __, __ site
Aminoacyl, Peptidyl, Exit
When many ribosomes attach to the same mRNA, it is called a
_______
polyribosome
role of rough er is to _____ the ribosome
signal
apoptosis is programmed ____ ____ where the cell _____ of damaged or unused cells
cell death, disposes
autophagy is ______ where the cell disposes of _______ organelles and cytoplasmic bits
self eating, nonfunctional
hyperplasia is accelerated _____ that _______ cell numbers when needed
accelerated, increases
atrophy is a ______ in size of organ or tissue that results from loss of ______, use, or _______
decrease, stimulation, disease
