Test 2 Respiration, Fermentation, & Photosynthesis

Question 1

Respiration

Answer 1

An efficient method of producing energy that involves the oxidation of organic molecules, the passage of an electron down an electron transport chain, and the harvesting of energy via chemiosmosis

Question 2

Aerobic respiration

Answer 2

A type of cellular respiration in which oxygen is the terminal electron acceptor.

Question 3

A type of cellular respiration in which something other than oxygen is the terminal electron acceptor.

Answer 3

Anaerobic respiration

Question 4

What is the major difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

Answer 4

The terminal electron acceptor. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen; anaerobic respiration uses something other than oxygen.

Question 5

fermentation

Answer 5

An inefficient method of extracting energy from organic molecules that involve only substrate-level phosphorylation, or the enzymatic transfer of a phosphate group from a high-energy substrate to ADP, forming ATP

Question 6

True or false: In fermentation, the electron acceptor is endogenous

Answer 6

True. This means that is created by the cell and is commonly found within the cell. It does not have to come from outside the cell.

Question 7

True or false: The proton motive force is only used for ATP synthesis

Answer 7

False. The proton motive force is used for a number of reasons, including ATP production, active transport mechanisms, and driving bacteria flagella.

Question 8

Substrate-level phosphorylation

Answer 8

The enzymatic transfer of a phosphate group from a high-energy substrate to ADP, forming ATP.

Question 9

Oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 9

The use of the reducing power of NADH and FADH2 to create ATP with the use of a proton motive force.

Question 10

Amphibolic pathway

Answer 10

A pathway that can be simultaneously anabolic and catabolic.

Question 11

What are some examples of amphibolic pathways?

Answer 11

Glycolysis, the TCA cycle, and the pentose-phosphate pathway

Question 12

Glycolysis

Answer 12

The metabolic pathway that turns a six-carbon sugar (glucose) into two three-carbon sugars (pyruvate).

Question 13

Embden-Meyerhof Pathway

Answer 13

The most common glycolytic pathway; this is usually what you are referring to when you say ‘glycolysis.’

Question 14

Where does the Embden- Meyerhof pathway occur?

Answer 14

In the cytoplasmic matrix

Question 15

TCA cycle

Answer 15

Also called the Krebs cycle or the citric acid cycle, this is the process that involves eight steps that oxidize inorganic acids and reduce NAD+ and FAD+, letting off NADH, FADH2, and CO2, and producing a small amount of ATP.

Question 16

What are the products of the TCA cycle for each acetyl- CoA molecule?

Answer 16

3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 GTP, and 2 CO2

Question 17

The reduction of NAD+ forms ________

Answer 17

NADH

Question 18

True or false: Iron is essential to the transfer of electrons via cytochromes in the electron transport chain.

Answer 18

True

Question 19

Electron transport chain

Answer 19

1. Complex made of several proteins (mostly cytochrome proteins)
2. Forms a long chain along the mitochondrial inner membrane (in eukaryotes) or plasma membrane (in prokaryotes)
   3, Pass down electrons to acceptors that are more electronegative.
3. Uses energy released to pump protons across the membrane.

Question 20

Chemiosmosis

Answer 20

Occurs when ATP synthase uses the free movement of protons across a membrane to power the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP

Question 21

The chemiosmotic hypothesis explains…

Answer 21

Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 22

In the electron transport chain, electrons flow from carriers with more_________ E0 to carriers with more _________ E0

Answer 22

Negative; positive

Question 23

The reduction of the terminal electron acceptor in aerobic respiration produced ____________

Answer 23

water

Question 24

In eukaryotes, the electron transport chain is located….

Answer 24

along the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Question 25

In prokaryotes, the electron transport chain is located…

Answer 25

along the plasma membrane

Question 26

As electrons move down the electron transport chain in eukaryotes, protons are pumped…

Answer 26

From the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space.

Question 27

Proton-motive force

Answer 27

The force created by the concentration of protons on one side of a biological membrane. This force can be used to create ATP via chemiosmosis. It can be used in active transport to power bacteria flagella.

Question 28

ATP synthase

Answer 28

The enzyme that uses the proton motive force to synthesize ATP during chemiosmosis

Question 29

What are some differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic electron transport chains?

Answer 29

Prokaryotic electron transport chain are shorter, branched, contain different electron carriers, and exist along the plasma membrane (rather than along the inner mitochondrial membrane)

Question 30

True or false: Oxidative phosphorylation is responsible for the majority of ATP production during aerobic respiration.

Answer 30

True

Question 31

Aerobic respiration can produce a maximum of _____ ATPs per glucose molecule. The actual yield is usually lower–perhaps around _____ molecules of ATP per glucose molecule.

Answer 31

38; 30

Question 31

Beta-oxidation

Answer 31

A process in which fatty acids are broken down into fragment that can be converted into acetyl-CoA, which can then be fed into the Krebs cycle.

Question 32

SeO4-2 is an example of a final electron acceptor in ___________ respiration

Answer 32

Anaerobic

Question 33

One reason why aerobic respiration produces more ATP than anaerobic respiration is that oxygen’s reduction potential (E0) is (low/high)

Answer 33

High

Question 34

Nitrogen fixation

Answer 34

The reduction of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia

Question 35

Denitrification

Answer 35

The reduction of nitrate into nitrogen gas.

Question 36

Nitrification

Answer 36

The oxidation of ammonia to nitrate.

Question 37

True or false: Fermentation harnesses energy using the proton motive force.

Answer 37

False. It uses only substrate-level phosphorylation; it does not involve the electron transport chain or oxidative phosphorylation, so it does not harness energy using the proton motive force.

Question 38

Pentose phosphate pathway

Answer 38

A pathway for converting glucose to pyruvate that can occur aerobically or anaerobically and can occur at the same time as the glycolytic pathway.

Question 39

What is a commonality of the Entner- Duodoroff, pentose-phosphate, and Embden- Meyerhoff pathways?

Answer 39

They all convert glucose to pyruvate

Question 40

Photosynthesis

Answer 40

An anabolic process in which light energy is converted to chemical energy, which is storied in the bonds of organic molecules such as glucose.

Question 41

Oxygenic Photosynthesis

Answer 41

A type of photosynthesis that produces oxygen as a byproduct. Eukaryotes and cyanbobacteria use this kind of photosynthesis.

Question 42

Anoxygenic photosynthesis

Answer 42

A type of photosynthesis that does not produce oxygen as a byproduct. Archaea and Bacteria (other than cyanobacteria) use this kind of photosynthesis.

Question 43

Light reactions

Answer 43

The first step in photosynthesis, during which light energy is converted to chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.

Question 44

Dark reactions

Answer 44

The second step in photosynthesis , during which the reducing power of ATP and NADPH is harnessed, and the energy is put into long-term storage molecules, such as glucose, sucrose, and starch.

Question 45

Cholorphyll

Answer 45

The primary photosynthetic pigment found in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria.

Question 46

Bacteriorhodopsin

Answer 46

A pigment found in certain groups of bacteria and archaea. This pigment directly acts as a proton pump, so it can produce energy without the electron transport system.

Question 47

What is a commonality of anaerobic respiration, fermentation, aerobic respiration, and photosynthesis?

Answer 47

They all involve the production of ATP