Test 2 (Quiz 5, 6, and 7) Flashcards
Describe Erikson’s Psychosocial Stage 2, including the crisis, the age group, and some defining characteristics.
“Autonomy V Shame/Doubt
Early Childhood
- develop a greater sense of personal control
- control gained through making preferences in food, clothing, and toys
- success results in confidence and being secure with oneself
- failure results in inadequacy and self-doubt”
Describe Erikson’s Psychosocial Stage 3, including the crisis, age range, and some defining characteristics.
“Initiative V Guilt
Pre-School Years
- asserting power through directing play and other social interactions
- success results in a sense of capability and an ability to lead others
- failure results in a sense of guilt, self-doubt, and lack of initiative”
Define self-concept.
The set of attributes, abilities, attitudes, and values that an individual believes defines who he or she is.
Describe how social comparison impacts children’s judgement of their own competencies.
As social comparison information is made salient, there is progressive decline in children’s judgment of their own competencies as they proceed through the primary grades.
“Complete the table below, describing Baumrind’s parenting :responsiveness (low/high); demandingness (low/high)
“
authoritarian, authortative, permissive, rejecting/neglecting
List childcare factors in evaluation of early childhood programs:
"•Physical setting •Group size •Caregiver-child ratio •Daily activities •Interactions between adults and children •Teacher qualifications •Relationships with parents •Licensing and accreditation"
Describe characteristics of Piaget’s Preoperational stage of development.
“•Increase in representational activity (symbolic activity)
- Mental representation
* Sensorimotor play establishes internal images of experiences, which are then labelled with words - Make-believe play
* Sociodramatic play contributes to cognitive and social skills”
What is a marker of the development of Theory of Mind around 3 years of age.
Deception
What caregiver practice slightly influences social cognition?
•asking children to reflect on victim’s feelings (This is the answer given on the quiz 5 answers, but I”m not sure it makes sense)
Describe the concepts behind Chomsky’s Language Acquisition Device.
“•Linguistic nativism
•Child must be born with an innate ability to learn language”
Describe two caregiver strategies to support language development in early childhood.
- recasts- repeating inaccurate speech in correct form
* expansions- elaborating on children’s speech, increasing its complexity”
Define “pragmatic language” and describe milestones at ages two and four years.
“•Social rules and conventions of communication
•2-year-olds can have effective conversations
•By age 4, adjust to fit age, sex, social status of listener”
Give important parental factors that influence children’s adjustment to divorce.
“•High-conflict divorce vs amicability
•Parental ability to prioritize child adjustment”
Describe impacts of divorce including rates of adjustment problems in post-separation and divorce families vs married families, and impacts of being raised in single parent families.
“•25% of children in post-separation and divorce families give evidence of adjustment problems vs. 12-15% in married families
•Benefits of two-parent families as opposed to separated, divorced, or never-married single parent families
•Variability within groups, and differences small
•Single parent families
•Economic stress
•Quality of parent-child relationships
•Children disadvantaged, but average to above-average adjustment as young adults”
Give two main considerations in custody decision-making.
“•Joint custody yielded better adjustment than sole custody (both parents active)
•Number of transitions”
