Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Development > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Elaborate on Levinson’s “construction of a dream” concept.

A

Construction of a dream- image of themselves in adult world that guides their decision-making

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

In early adulthood, the following cognitive change occurs: executive functioning __________.

A

completes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Regarding Perry’s Epistemic Cognition, describe the following:

a. Dualistic thinking
b. Relativistic thinking
c. Commitment within relativistic thinking

A

Dualistic thinking:

  • Dividing information, values, authority into right and wrong, good and bad, we and they

Relativistic thinking

  • Viewing all knowledge as embedded in a framework of thought
  • Aware of a diversity of opinions on many topics
  • Gave up possibility of absolute truth, in favor of multiple truths, each relative to its context

Commitment within relativistic thinking

  • Instead of choosing between opposing views, trying to formulate a more satisfying perspective that synthesizes contradictions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Label and describe Erikson’s stage that corresponds with early adulthood.

A

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Thoughts and feelings about making a permanent commitment to an intimate partner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the triangular theory of love.

A

Intimacy

  • Emotional component
  • Warm, tender communication, expression of concern about the other’s well-being, desire for partner to reciprocate

Passion

  • Desire for sexual activity and romance
  • Moreso in early stages of relationship

Commitment

  • Cognitive component
  • Partners decide that they are in love and to maintain that love

•These shift in emphasis as romantic relationships develop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Fowler’s Stages of Faith (matching question)

A

Stage 0: Primal or Undifferentiated

  • Birth to 2 years old
  • Characterized by an early learning of the safety of their environment (i.e. warm, safe and secure vs. hurt, neglect and abuse)

Stage 1: Intuitive-Projective

  • Ages of 3-7
  • Religion is learned mainly through experiences, stories, images, and the people that one comes in contact with

Stage 2: Mythic Literal

  • mostly in school children
  • strong belief in the justice and reciprocity of the universe
  • metaphors and symbolic language are often misunderstood and are taken literally

Stage 3: Synthetic-Conventional

  • arising in adolescence; aged 12 to adulthood
  • characterized by conformity to religious authority and the development of a personal identity

Stage 4: Individuative-Reflective

  • mid-twenties to late thirties
  • a stage of angst and struggle
  • the individual takes personal responsibility for his or her beliefs and feelings

Stage 5: Conjective

  • mid-life crisis
  • acknowledges paradox and transcendence relating reality behind the symbols of inherited systems

Stage 6: Universalizing

  • the individual would treat any person with compassion as he or she views people as from a universal community, and should be treated with universal principles of love and justice
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Label and describe Erikson’s stage that corresponds with middle adulthood.

A

Generativity vs. Stagnation

  • Generativity- Reaching out to others in ways that give to and guide the next generation
  • Stagnation- Self-centered, self-indulgent, self-absorbed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are Levinson’s four tasks of middle adulthood?

A

Young–Old

Destruction–Creation

Masculinity–Femininity

Engagement–Separateness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe Vaillant’s view of midlife.

A
  • “Keepers of meaning”: older people as guardians of their culture
  • “Passing the torch” to next generation
  • Focus on longer-term, less-personal goals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What kinds of physical development changes occur in middle adulthood? E.g. “Changes in…(list)”

A
  • Vision
  • Hearing
  • Skin
  • Skeletal
  • Women- menopause
  • Men- reproductive changes
  • Sexuality
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the three leading causes of death in midlife in the US?

A

cancer, cardiovascular disease, unintentional injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Regarding mental abilities over adulthood, which one stays the most stable? Which ones shows the most decline?

A

Stable- Verbal ability

Decline- perceptual speed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are areas of cognitive strength in middle adulthood?

A

Expertise, problem solving abilities, experience.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the cognitive impact of complex work in middle adulthood.

A

complex work enhances cognitive flexibility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What behavior pattern is associated with health issues in middle adulthood such as heart disease, high blood pressure, atherosclerosis, and stroke?

A

Type A behavior pattern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define emotion-centered and problem-centered coping.

A

Emotion-Centered Coping

  • Internal, private
  • Control distress when the situation can’t be changed

Problem-Centered Coping

  • Identify and appraise problems
  • Choose and implement potential solutions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What three factors contribute to hardiness in middle adulthood?

A

Control: Regard most experiences as controllable

Commitment: Find interest and meaning in daily activities

Challenge: View as normal part of life, chance for growth

18
Q

How does gender identity shift in middle adulthood?

A
  • Women increase in “masculine” traits
  • Men increase in “feminine” traits
19
Q

How does amount of close relationships at midlife compare to other periods of life.

A

Often, more close relationships than in any other period

20
Q

What is stressful about caring for aging parents in middle adulthood?

A
  • time devoted to care averages 10 to 20 hours per week, more for women
  • emotional strain of witnessing parent’s decline
  • greatest stress for those sharing a household with ill parent
21
Q

Describe the changes in Big Five personality traits with age.

A
  • agreeableness and conscientiousness increase
  • neuroticism declines
  • extroversion and openness to experience remain the same or decrease slightly
22
Q

What are the impacts of midlife unemployment? Goal of counseling?

A
  • Disrupts generativity and life reappraisal
  • Decline in physical and mental health
  • Remain jobless longer
  • Seldom attain former status or pay
  • Goal of counseling: problem-centered coping strategies
23
Q

Label and describe Erikson’s theory as it relates to late adulthood.

A

Ego Integrity

  • Feel whole, complete, satisfied with achievements
  • Serenity and contentment
  • Associated with psychosocial maturity

​Despair

  • Feel many decisions were wrong, but now time is too short
  • Bitter and unaccepting of coming death
  • Expressed as anger, contempt for others
24
Q

Label and describe Peck’s three tasks of ego integrity

A
  • Ego differentiation vs work-role preoccupation
  • Finding other ways to affirm self-worth
  • Body transcendence vs body preoccupation
  • Compensating for physical limitations with cognitive, emotional, and social abilities
  • Ego transcendence vs ego preoccupation
  • Facing reality of death by investing in younger generations
25
Q

Describe Joan Erikson’s gerotranscendence.

A
  • Beyond ego integrity
  • Cosmic, transcendent perspective
  • Directed forward and outward, beyond self
  • Heightened inner calm, contentment
  • Quiet reflection
26
Q

Describe cataracts and macular degeneration.

A
  • Cataracts- Cloudy area in lens
  • Macular degeneration- Light-sensitive cells break down
27
Q

What are the four factors in psychological well-being in late adulthood that were outlined in the lecture?

What is the experience of dependency in late adulthood like? (two describing words is fine)

A

Control vs. dependency

Physical Health

Negative Life Changes

Social Support/Interaction

Dependency- demeaning and unpleasant

28
Q

6a. Regarding the rate of suicide, there is _________________ suicide risk in older adults.
6b. For what demographic is suicide risk the highest? Describe quantitatively how the risk per 100,000 changes for that demographic versus all ages.

A

6a. increased
6b. •Highest in white men age 70 and older

•From 12.4 per 100,000 (all ages) to 29 per 100,000

29
Q

How does marital satisfaction in late adulthood compare to earlier years?

A

Marital satisfaction peaks in late adulthood.

30
Q

In the late adulthood lecture, what was described as the “most stressful life event for many?”

A

Widowhood

31
Q

Regarding friendships in late adulthood, complete the following:

Late adults feel closest to __________________________________.

A

A few nearby friends

32
Q

In late adulthood, what is the impact of the quality of relationship with adult children?

A

Quality of relationship affects older adults’ physical, mental health

33
Q

Regarding relationships between late adults and their adult grandchildren and great-grandchilren, what predicts the quality of that relationship?

A

Involvement during childhood

34
Q

Outline Atchley’s phases of retirement.

A

Atchley’s (1976) phases of retirement:

•Stage 1- honeymoon: Indefinite vacation, schedule, or rest

Stage 2- disenchantment: Period of disappointment, missing productivity

Stage 3- reorientation: Picking back up ways to improve retirement

Stage 4- stability: Mastering a comfortable and rewarding routine
Stage 5- termination: No longer living independently, disabled elder

35
Q

Outline characteristics of language processing in late adulthood.

A
  • Comprehension changes very little
  • Problems retrieving specific words
  • tip-of-the-tongue state
  • use more pronouns, pauses in speech
  • Problems planning what to say
  • hesitations, false starts, repetition, sentence fragments
  • statements less organized
  • Compensation
  • simpler grammar, more sentences, gist
  • symbolic interpretation
36
Q

Kubler-Ross Stages of grief

A
  • Denial
  • Anger
  • Bargaining
  • Depression
  • Acceptance
37
Q

Defining Death

A

Clinical death
•Heart, breathing, brain stopped, but still can resuscitate

Brain death
•all activity in brain and brain stem stopped
•irreversible

38
Q

Persistent vegetative state

A

Activity in cerebral cortex stopped, brain stem still active

39
Q

Development of death concept (matching)

A

Permanence: Once a living thing dies, it cannot be brought back to life

Inevitability: All living things eventually die

Cessation: All living functions, including thought, feeling, movement, and bodily processes, cease at death

Applicability: Death applies only to living things

Causation: Death is caused by a breakdown of bodily functioning

40
Q

Grief Process

A

Avoidance

  • “emotional anesthesia”
  • shock, disbelief, numbed
  • building awareness

Confrontation

  • most intense grief
  • thousands of surges of anguish
  • relationship transformed from physical presence to inner representation

Restoration

  • dual-process model of coping with loss
  • alternate between dealing with emotions and with life changes

Human Development (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions