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Experimental Psychology > Test 2 (pg 242-243) > Flashcards

Test 2 (pg 242-243) Flashcards

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1
Q

______ is the extent to which the results of an experiment can be generalized beyond the subjects used in the experiment and beyond the laboratory in which the experiment was conducted.

A

external validity

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2
Q

Generalization to the population being studied can be accomplished by ___________ subjects from the population.

A

randomly sampling

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3
Q

How is the study of college student problematic?

A

It is believed that college students may not be a good representation of the population.

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4
Q

The external validity problem that comes from the use of so many college students in research is called the _________, which means that most conclusions are based on studies of young people with a late adolescent mentality who are still developing self-identities and attitudes.

A

college sophomore problem

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5
Q

Give three arguments against the college sophomore problem?

A

1) using college sophomores as subjects in a study does not negate the findings of the study. It simply means that the study needs to be replicated with subjects from other populations to aid in overcoming this problem.
2) For the research conducted in many areas of psychology, (such as sensory research), the college sophomore problem is not an issue. The auditory and visual systems of college sophomores, for example, function in the same manner as do those of the rest of the population.
3) The population of college students today is varied. They come from different socioeconomic backgrounds and geographic areas. They have a varied family history and educational experiences.

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6
Q

Conducting research in a ________ setting allows us to maximize control.

A

laboratory

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7
Q

Maximum control has many advantages, but it also has the potential disadvantage of creating an _________.

A

artificial environment

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8
Q

We need to exercise some caution when generalizing from the laboratory setting to the real world. This problem is often referred to in psychology as the ___________..

A

artificiality criticism.

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9
Q

How can we address artificiality criticism and the generalization issue?

A

replication of the experiment to demonstrate the result is reliable.

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10
Q

_________ is repeating a study using the same means of manipulating and measuring the variables as in the original study.

A

exact replication

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11
Q

A ________ is a study based on another study that uses different methods, a different manipulation, or a different measure. Basically, it tests the same concepts in a different way.

A

conceptual replication

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12
Q

How might we use a different method to get conceptual replication? (to determine generalizability)

A

We could conduct an observational study in addition to a true experiment to assess the generalizability of a finding.

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13
Q

A _________ study systematically changes one thing at a time and observes the effect, if any, on the results. It is a study that varies from the original study in one systematic way.

A

systematic replication

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14
Q

What are three things a researcher could do in a systematic replication study?

A

They could use a different number or type of subject, a different setting, or more levels of the independent variable.

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15
Q

Bivariate means?

A

2 variables

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16
Q

We studied 223 patients admitted with left-sided infective endocarditis between 1996 and 2006 and found the relationship between treatment (medical/surgical) and mortality.
Medical = “0” Surgical = “1” is an example of ________.
What correlation coefficient do we use?

A

dummy coding

Pearson’s r

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17
Q

The statistical removal of unwanted variable is called the _________ and it is a solution to ________.

A

Partial correlation

Third-variable problem

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18
Q

Directionality Problem Solution: _________.

A

Cross-Lagged Correlation

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19
Q

__________ is the variability in the DV that occurs as a result of (or is caused by) the influence of the IV

A

Primary Variance

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20
Q

_________ is unexplained variance. Variability due to true chance happenings such as moment-to-moment fluctuations in your subject’s attention or fluctuations in your ability to accurately measure your DV due to chance variations in accuracy of equipment.

A

Error variance

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21
Q

_________ is variance in the DV that occurs as a result of the influence of secondary variables.

A

Secondary Variance:

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22
Q

As the experimenter, you want to ______ primary variance and _______ error variance and _____ secondary variance.

A

maximize
minimize
control

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23
Q

Example #1: The Effects of viewing a violent stimulus on future aggressive tendencies.
S enters E office for instructions about the experimental task. On E’s desk is either: a gun (violent stimulus) or a tennis racket (neutral stimulus). The E instructs S to go down the hall to room ___ where they will be given a questionnaire to complete. The the S is given a known reliable and valid paper/pencil test for aggressive tendencies.

The E has access to HS students at two schools: Thomas Edison Technical School and St. Mary’s HS. He decides it will be easier to keep track of the procedure and results if he uses one school for the gun condition and the other for the tennis racket condition. He chooses to run the gun condition at Thomas Edison Tech and the tennis racket at St. Mary’s HS. As he predicted, he finds the students exposed to the gun condition show higher levels of aggressive tendencies. He concludes that exposure to violent stimuli causes an increase in aggression.

What alternative explanation might there be for this result?

This is an example of a threat of ______

A

“Selection”

Selection: occurs when participants/subjects in one level of the IV differ initially from participants/subjects in another level of the IV, due to systematic selection differences. This is usually the result of the use of “intact groups” or lack of random assignment of subjects to groups. It is a “between-subject” or independent group type issue.

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24
Q

Regression towards the mean is a potential problem in a _________ type design.

A

repeated-measures

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25
Q

Example: An attempt to change attitudes toward the use of alternative energy sources by exposure to a five-day program on the environmental benefits of alternative energy sources.

A group of college students (volunteers) agrees to attend a daily information session on various alternative energy sources and their effect in limiting damage to the environment. Each day for five days they attend lectures, demonstrations, and field trips to some energy-producing facilities to learn about alternative energy sources. Each student fills out an attitude questionnaire measuring their existing attitude about alternative energy before they begin the five-day program and fill out a similar questionnaire after the last day of the program. On day 3 of the program, there is a $2.09 increase in gas prices.

Results: All the student participants showed a much more favorable attitude toward using alternative energy sources at the end of the five-day program.

Did the program cause the change? Are there other possible explanations?

A

History: the occurrence of an EVENT other than the treatment that produces changes in the participants’ behavior. The event is not under the researcher’s control.

26
Q

History is a potential problem in a _________ type design.

A

repeated measures design (The longer the time between measurements, the more likely it is that such an event will occur and internal validity will be jeopardized.)

27
Q

Primary Variance or Systematic Variance –> ______

A

internal validity

28
Q

Secondary Variance and Error Variance –> _____

A

external validity

29
Q

A Plausible rival hypothesis is a ________.

A

threat to internal validity

30
Q

The uneasiness about being judges by others especially being judged by the experimenter.

A

evaluation apprehension

31
Q

Evaluation apprehension, demand characteristics, experimenter bias (self-fufilling prophesy and confirmation bias), experimenter characteristics, maturation, attrition, etc are all examples of ______.

A

secondary variables

32
Q

All the learned and inherit differences between subjects is called _______.

A

proactive history

33
Q

Things that happen in between tests is called _______.

A

retroactive history

34
Q

seen in repeated measures designs and is the effect of treatments being carried out in a set order.

A

sequence effect

35
Q

Whenever subjects perform in more than one condition (as they do in _________) there is a possibility of carryover effects.

A

within-subject designs

36
Q

Characteristics of the participants exposed to the IV may cause them to react differently to the IV than would participants with other characteristics. This is what threat to external validity?
(non volunteers and volunteers.. volunteers might be more highly motivated)

A

Selection by treatment

37
Q

Measuring the DV(pretest) before the IV can alert or sensitize participants to the IV so that they react differently to the IV than they would have without the pretest. This is what threat to external validity.

A

testing by treatment

38
Q

The effect of being exposed to one level of the IV may influence participants’ responses to later levels of the IV that would not occur
to participants exposed to only one level of the IV. this is what threat to external validity.

A

multiple treatment interaction

39
Q

Participants may respond differently to laboratory/artificial situations and materials then they do to normal/real situations and materials. This is what threat to external validity?

A

reactive arrangements

40
Q

What are the two types of reactive arrangements?

A

unnatural task, unnatural setting

41
Q

Correctly using Statistical tests assures ______.

A

statistical validity

42
Q

. A researcher expects the correlation between smoking (no/yes) and lung cancer (no/yes) to be positive. According to our textbook, ___ is the measure of the relationship.

A

Phi

43
Q

The presence of “a plausible rival hypothesis” is desirable in research

A

no

44
Q

A plausible rival hypotheses is a proposition which renders a logical _______ to theresearch hypothesis being examined.

A

alternative

45
Q

Multiple treatment effect is most similar to ______________,

A

carryover

46
Q

• when person is exposed to the second variable (pepsi) and the coke flavor still carries over.

A

carryover effect

47
Q

• people who started with coke like coke better. People who like pepsi more started with pepsi.

A

order effect

48
Q

Demand characteristics are most similar to _____.

A

reactive effects

49
Q

Selection is not a threat to a repeated measures study

A

true

50
Q

Selection is a threat to internal validity when the IV is a participant variable.

A

yes

51
Q

Suppose that the correlation between height and weight for adults is .30. Approximately what proportion of the variability in weight is accounted for by the relationship with height?

A

.90

52
Q

Jim concluded that the strong negative correlation he observed between depression and self-esteem meant that having low self-esteem is responsible for high levels of depression. Jim did not know that the participants experienced depression before their self-esteem changed. Jim’s conclusion is an example of

A

directionality

53
Q

. Jan weighed 100 pound last month. Before she weighed today she believed she had gained weight but was pleasantly surprised that the scale only indicated 100 pounds. What she did not know is the scale will not register more than 100 pounds. Jan’s experiemce illustrates ____.

A

ceiling

54
Q

• person has terrible migraines. They r given the first drug, still has migraines. They r given second drug 5 min later, still has migraines, 5 min later they r given a shot and now they are healed.
What threat to external validity?

A

Multiple-Treatment Interaction

55
Q

Weight loss instructions example: IV, weight loss program. DV, how much weight people loose. Man steps on scale and weighs 300 lbs. he becomes alert and starts paying attention to the exercise program, and started following much more religiously. This is called (which threat to external validity)

A

• pretest sensitization.

56
Q

sample must be representative among the population. Must consist of other people, other places, and other times.

A

Sampling

57
Q

• regardless of what took place in the study, would we expect the same findings to occur outside of the study. How much can we generalize in the study to outside the study? If it can be generalized, it has____.

A

external validity

58
Q

Ex: one group given praise, control group no praise. To see if there is a change in reaction time. Reaction time for praise group was 10, control group was 5. Researchers thought it would be the opposite. They found out that the group that was praised was all males, the control group was all females. This is due to.
Males had repeated fire alarm, females did not have a repeating fire alarm.
What threat to external validity?

A

selection by history

59
Q

When the same participants receive all levels of the IV, changes in the DV may be due to when a level is received or the interaction among the levels, but not to separate levels

A

sequence effect

60
Q

What are the two types of sequence effects?

A

carryover and order effect

Experimental Psychology (13 decks)

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